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Unit 3 Biology of Behavior 8%-10% AP Psych Rapid Review Answer these questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A neuron w/o a terminal button would be unable to… Paul Broca found damage in what lobe caused speaking difficulty… What is the master gland? The main function of the dendrite is to… What is the #1 inhibitory NT? Try this… REFLEX ARC NEURONS Sensory neurons afferent carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord Interneurons brain &spinal cord communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Motor neurons carry efferent outgoing information from the brain and spial cord to the muscles and glands Ions have a charge (+ or -). When they move they create electricity = action potential. A strong stimulus can increase the number of times a neuron fires, NOT how fast it fires or the intensity of the impulse Firing of a Neuron Threshold must be meet to cause an action potential Action potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon involves exchange of ions Resting positive potential outside/negative inside Selectively positive permeable ions can’t mix with negative when neuron’s “gate” is closed Firing of a Neuron When neuron fires… Depolarize positive ions flood through axon Refractory period resting/pause…neuron pumps + ions out & can fire again All or none response more neurons can be fired or neurons can fire more often, but the impulse/action potential’s strength & speed are all or none – either fire or not Synapse Synaptic gap (synaptic cleft) Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse Reuptake How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Acetylcholine (AcH) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins Agonists and Antagonists Objective 4: What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions? Spinal cord links peripheral nervous system to brain The Nervous System The Nervous System The Nervous System The Nervous System The Nervous System The Nervous System homeostasis Opponent Process Objective 5: How does the endocrine system transmit its messages? Endocrine system Chemical communication system; secretes hormones into the bloodstream (“slow” but can outlast NT) Adrenal glands Epinephrine & norepinephrine Fight or flight response Pituitary gland (master gland) In brain; controlled by hypothalamus Influence the release of other hormones Brain Pituitary other glands Hormones Brain other stuff… effectors – muscle & gland cells Glial cells - support & protect neuron; create myelin -70mV = voltage of resting neuron The Central Nervous System: The Brain EEG – electrical waves CAT – x-ray PET – glucose MRI – soft tissue fMRI – blood flow; function Brainstem (Old Brain) Medulla Breathing / heart rate Pons Movement / Dreaming ? Reticular Activating System Also called Reticular Formation Essential to arousal Thalamus Sensory Switchboard / Relay Station Except for smell (olfaction) Cerebellum “Little brain” nonverbal learning IMPLICIT memory judge time discriminate sound & texture Movement / Balance Limbic System controls emotions & drives hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus What happens if the amygdala is lesioned? What happens if the amygdala is stimluated? Hypothalamus - controls all aspects of behavior that are regulated by hormones s The 4 F’s: Fighting Fleeing Feeding (vetromedial/lateral) Mating Olds & Milner Reward Centers Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Wilder Penfield Mapped the Motor Cortex Precise movements occupy most space Sensory Cortex Most sensitive parts of body take up most cortical space in sensory cortex Association Areas Areas not involved in primary motor or sensory functions Learning, remembering, thinking, speaking Aphasia Broca’s (can’t speak) Wernicke’s (can’t comprehend / speak jibberish) Sperry & Gazzaniga Genetics Monozygotic twins (MZ) – Identical Dizygotic twins (DZ) – Fraternal Heritability is the proportion of variation that is due to genetics (twins = 0) Twin Studies = show us contribution of genetics vs. environment Turner Syndrome – girls, short lack ovaries, fail to develop, normal IQ, spatial & math defeicits Klinefelter’s Syndrom – male, fail to develop, passive Down Syndrome – 3rd copy of chromosome 21 Tay-Sachs –loss of nerve function (death) Phenyletonuria (PKU)- severe, irreversible brain damage unless baby fed special diet within 1st 30 days (epigenitics)