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Age of Exploration Chapter 14 and Chapter 15 Why? • Trade – spices, silks, jade – Moluccas- island chain known as the spice islands • Curiosity • Religion Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator – Conversions, Muslim Riches, Asia – Recruitment: Cartographers, sailors, ship builders, engineers – Dies in 1460 • Bartholomeu Dias – rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488 • Vasco da Gama – – – – Voyage to Calicut in India Imprisoned Returns with minimal goods (300% profit) Second Voyage to Calicut to force a treaty and leave merchants Christopher Columbus • Believed he could sail west and reach the East Indies – Portugal would not sponsor him – Ferdinand and Isabella did though • Spanish Inquisition forces Jews and many wealthy people out; seeking riches and prestige – First Voyage: Aug. 3, 1492 Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria – Reach land Oct. 12 – Total of 4 voyages Exploratory Conflict • Line of Demarcation: split the globe – Pope Alexander VI – Spain gets west, Portugal gets East – Treaty of Tordesillas Other Early Explorers • Amerigo Vespucci (Itl) – Journals voyage to Brazil • Martin Waldseemuller – Used Vespucci’s journals to map the “Americas” • Vasco Nunez de Balboa(Spain) – Helped by Indians to get through Panama Ferdinand Magellan • • • • From Portugal Set out with 5 ships from Spain Reached S. Am. and explored every bay Finally reaches southern tip Strait of Magellan – Brutal Storms, Winds, and Tides – Renames South Sea Pacific • Crew wanted to return, Magellan wanted to continue – 3 wks to spice islands, took 4 months • Magellan is killed at the Philippines • Sept. 8, 1522 return with 1 ship and 18 sailors • 1st to Circumnavigate Exploration of Africa • Portugal sets up minor establishments along African Coast – Wish to cut out Middle men – African goods: gold, ivory, hides, slaves – Took over Mambasa and Malindi – Expelled Arabs African Slave Trade • slavery has been around for thousands of years • Euro. Used slave labor for plantations • Plantation: large estates run by an owner or an owner’s overseer • slave raids by rulers and “companies” African Resistance • Affonso I, ruled Kongo – Had been tortured by Port. Missionaries – He asked Portugal to help develop Kongo – Results in overwhelming slave trade – Banned in some areas African Civilizations • Asante Kingdom (Ghana) – Osei Tutu-military leader that took over – United area by claiming to be ruler through power of heaven – Created government based on merit – Monopolies on gold and slave trade – Played Europeans against each other • Oyo Empire – Forest kingdom composed of Yoruba people – Built army from slavery wealth European Expansion • British, Dutch, and French take over as Portugal declines • Establish colonies • Dutch build Cape Town at tip of Africa – First permanent European settlement – Boers settle around the area – Locals are killed off due to elitist views Europe in Asia • Portuguese had a superior navy with better cannons • Alfonso de Albuquerque – Sailed to Asia • Mughal Empire – Muslim controlled lands in central Asia • Trading Outposts – 1510- Portuguese take Goa – Becomes a major mil./commercial base – 1511- Portugal takes Malacca = the Muslim city in East Indies • Outposts: distant areas under a country’s control Dutch Exploration • 1599- Dutch fleet returns successfully from Asia • Set up Cape Town • Dutch East India Company – group of wealthy Dutch merchants – had full sovereign powers • 1641- Dutch take Malacca • Use their military to create a monopoly on trade in the region Spanish Exploration • Took over the Philippines • Conquered and named after Phillip II Mughal India • Europeans allowed building forts • Empire shatters by corruption and power struggles • European companies raise armies • Eypoys – Indian troops East Asian Exploration Ming China • Europeans have inferior products – Chinese demand silver and gold • Macao (Guangzhou) – Portuguese trading post in China • Rules: – Trade only under supervision – Leave at the end of the trade season Manchu Conquest • Manchu – Manchurians from NW China • Qing (ching) Dynasty – Adopted Confucianism • 2 rulers (1 Manchu/ 1 Chinese) • Local governments were maintained • Army station to ensure loyalty Manchu Rulers • Kangxi – Expanded empire, promoted Chinese culture • Qianlong – Kangxi’s grandson – Created largest Chinese empire in history – Retired after 60 years for grandfather’s sake Lord Macartney • Diplomat • Brought sample products (Strike 1) • Refusal to bow meeting the emperor (Strike 2) • Discussions of the natural superiority of the English (Strike 3) Japan • Welcomed westerners at first • Use of European weapons may have stabilized the country • Japanese welcome Christianity and the printing press • Sources of fear: – Knew of Spanish take-over of Philippines – Christian allegiance Japan cont. • Missionaries kicked out • Japanese Christians persecuted and killed • Complete Isolation – Outlawed travel, large ship building – Allowed 1-2 Dutch ships in Nagasaki per year to keep informed