Download 1848 - Mr. Weiss - Honors World History

After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna
established a balance of power in Europe between
Great Britain, France, Russia and Austria in 1815.
The Congress of Vienna
wanted to go back to the status
quo ante of 1789. It put the old
“legitimate” ruling families back
in charge of France, Spain,
Naples and Sicily.
The conservative Prince
Metternich of Austria wanted to
stop the spread of Revolution
and Nationalism in Europe.
Remember:
“When France sneezes,
Europe catches a cold!”
The Congress of
Vienna put the
“legitimate” Bourbon
King, Louis XVIII, in
charge of France.
Given the recent
history of the French
Revolution, he tried to
please the French
people by quickly
issuing a constitution
with separation of
powers and an
elected Parliament.
What do you think
Metternich thought
of Louis XVIII?
But the nationalism and revolutionary ideas of France
were impossible to contain…
In 1830, the French nation
revolted, demanding a
“Citizen King” named
Louis Philippe.
By 1848, as the radicals
grew stronger, the people
overthrew even him and
declared the Second
French Republic.
All adult men, rich or poor,
were granted suffrage –
the right to vote.
The French people
used their universal
male suffrage to elect
Napoleon’s nephew
president of the
Second French
Republic.
The people
elected him
with over
90% of the
vote!
Just like his uncle,
Napoleon III greatly
expanded his power,
turning the Republic
into the Second French
Empire.
Why?
France was sneezing
again…
What do you think
Metternich thought
about this?
What do you think
happened next?
A wave of Nationalist Revolutions spread over Europe…
What did the
people
want?
What do you
think the
Congress of
Vienna did
about it?
Prince Metternich
had to flee the
Austrian Empire
in disguise, as
the Hungarians,
Czechs and
Venetians all
cried out for
independence
and universal
suffrage.
But in almost every case, the countries of the
Congress of Vienna worked together to maintain the
balance of power and defeat the Revolutions of 1848.
But twenty years later,
German and Italian
nationalism would
completely upset the
balance of power
established at the
Congress of Vienna.
The Congress of Vienna left the German parts of Europe
divided into many tiny countries, surrounded by France,
the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire.
The biggest German country was Prussia.
The Prussian King
was Wilhem I, an
ultraconservative
who believed in the
Divine Right of
Kings.
King Wilhelm I’s
prime minister was a
good friend of his, a
conservative noble
named Otto Von
Bismarck.
Wilhelm I
Bismarck
What do you think Prince
Metternich would have thought
about Wilhelm I and Bismarck?
Prussia was famous
for its powerful
military.
Voltaire once said:
“Prussia is not a
country with an army,
but an army with a
country!”
Bismarck wanted to
use this army to unite
the German people
under Prussian
leadership.
What do you think
Prince Metternich of
Austria thought about all
of this nationalism?
What about Russia,
France, or Great
Britain?
In 1866, Bismarck
defeated Austria in the
Austro-Prussian War.
This united the countries
of northern Germany
under Prussian rule.
In 1871, Bismarck crushed
France in the FrancoPrussian War, marching
all the way to Paris.
He gained some French
territory, and united the
countries of southern
Germany.
From Louis XIV’s old Palace of Versailles,
King Wilhelm I was crowned Emperor of Germany.
Otto Von Bismarck had created a new German Empire.
Garibaldi
Bismarck
While Otto Von Bismarck
was uniting the Germans,
Giuseppe Garibaldi of
Sardinia was working to
unite the Italians.
The Congress of
Vienna had also left
the Italian peninsula
divided into many
countries.
Austria ruled in the
north, Hapsburg
Monarchs ruled in the
center, and Bourbon
Kings ruled in Naples
and Sicily.
The Pope even had
his own country in the
area around Rome.
Garibaldi was born in
Nice, an Italian-speaking
city conquered by
Napoleon and later
returned to Sardinia at the
Congress of Vienna.
In the 1830s he met
Giuseppi Mazzini, who
led an Italian nationalist
group called Young Italy.
Garibaldi joined a secret
revolutionary organization
called the Carbonari and
was exiled from Sardinia
and banished to South
American, where he
participated in several
Latin American
revolutions.
His men became known as
the Red Shirts, because
they wore shirts from the
slaughterhouses of Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
He returned to Italy to participate in the 1848 revolutions against the
French Empire, but was again expelled to New York and later, Peru.
Garibaldi now realized he
would need the support of the
Sardinian monarchy, teaming
up with king Victor
Emmannuel II and Prime
Minister Camilo Cavour to
fight the Austrians who
controlled northern Italy.
Cavour gave Garibaldi’s
home city, Nice, to France in
return for an alliance.
Garibaldi was enraged, but
continued to support
Sardinia.
With the
Sardinian army,
Garibaldi swept
through the Italian
peninsula all the
way to south to
Naples and Sicily.
This unification
was called the
Risorgimiento Resurgence