Download Introduction to Human Anatomy (Chapter 1)

Name _______________________________________________ Date _________ Period _____
Introduction to Human Anatomy (Chapter 1)
1. _____Anatomy__________
is the study of structures making up an organism.
2. ___Physiology_________ is the study of how an organism functions.
3. The major organ systems of the body include:
a. ______Digestive_________ for breaking down food to be absorbed by blood.
b. _____Nervous______________ for sensing and reacting to the environment.
c. ____Cardiovascular_______________ for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
throughout the body.
d. _____Endocrine______ for secreting hormones directly into the blood to
regulate internal processes.
4. The upper arm is __________proximal___________ to the lower arm.
5. The head is ______________superior_________________ to the neck.
6. The spinal cord is ____________dorsal___________________ to the heart.
7. A karate black belt uses the _________medial_________________ side of the hand to break
a brick.
8. The ________Transverse/Horizontal_____ plane divides the superior from the inferior
parts of the body.
9. The _____Frontal/Coronal_________ plane divides the anterior from the posterior parts
of the body.
10. What is anatomical position?
The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the
palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to
one another.
11. What is the difference between the axial and appendicular regions of the human body?
Axial – Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs
Appendicular – Pelvis & Limbs
Organ Systems
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the name of the appropriate organ system or
biological science.
______Respiratory_____________ 1. Provides oxygen to the blood and removes carbon
dioxide.
___Reproductive_______________ 2. Produces eggs and sperm cells and provides a proper
internal environment for the developing fetus.
_Muscular____________________ 3. Moves the parts of the skeleton and internal organs such
as the heart, stomach, and intestine.
_____Urinary/Excretory_________ 4. Rids the body of excess water, excess salts, foreign
substances, and cellular wastes.
________Skeletal______________ 5. Supports the body, protects organs, and provides an
attachment for muscles.
______Endocrine______________ 6. Secretes hormones directly into the blood to regulate
internal body processes.
___Nervous__________________ 7. Senses and reacts to changes in the external and internal
environments.
_Cardiovascular_______________ 8. Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste
products throughout the body.
____Digestive________________ 9. Breaks down food physically and chemically for
absorption by the blood.
____Gross Anatomy___________ 10. The study of the visible structures of an organism through
dissection.
____Physiology_______________ 11. The study of how an organism functions.
Label the following diagram.
Labeling
1.
Superior
2.
Posterior/Dorsal
3.
Proximal
4.
Distal
5.
Inferior
6.
Anterior/Ventral
7.
Medial
8.
Lateral
Homeostasis:
1. Define homeostasis: the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements,
especially as maintained by physiological processes.
2. Why is homeostasis important to survival?
Homeostasis means maintaining a steady state in the cell/organism within a range in which they
can function most optimally. For this to be maintained the organism has to maintain temperature, pH,
osmolality, etc. Without homeostasis the internal environment will get so deranged that the organism will
no longer be able to function at all and will die.
3. Contrast the functions of negative and positive feedback systems. Negative feedback – the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus Positive Feedback – the output enhances the original stimulus Homeostasis and Disease 4. Explain the relationship between a human bodies’ ability to maintain homeostasis and disease. Most diseases are the result the failure of one or other homeostat. For example, a disease that is accompanied by a fever will affect the body’s thermoregulation center deviating the body from homeostatic norms.
A. Directional Terms 1. Define directional terms: paired terms that describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. 2. Define the following directional terms: a. Superior: -­‐ nearer to the hear b. Inferior: -­‐ farther away from the head c. Anterior: -­‐ closer to the front d. Posterior: -­‐ closer to the back e. Medial: -­‐ closer to the midline f. Lateral: -­‐ farther from the midline g. Proximal: -­‐ nearer to the point of attachment h. Distal: farther from the point of attachment i.
j.
k.
l.
Superficial: -­‐ nearer to the skin Deep: farther away from the skin Ventral: -­‐ closer to the front Dorsal: -­‐ closer to the back 1. Write a description of what each anatomical plane is.
a. Frontal/Coronal Plane – The plane dividing the body into ventral and dorsal
portions
b. Transverse/Horizontal Plane – The plane dividing the body into superior and
inferior portions
c. Median/Sagittal Plane – The plane dividing the body into left and right
portions
2. Summarize the general functions of each organ system. What major organs work in
each system?
Circle the correct term.
a. The toes are [proximal or distal] to the ankles
b. The scalp is [superficial or deep] to skull
c. The diaphragm is [superior or inferior] to the lungs
d. The heart is [superior or inferior] to the diaphragm.
e. The head is [superior or inferior] to the neck.
f. The wrist is [proximal or distal] to the elbow.
g. The esophagus is [dorsal or ventral] to the vertebral column.
h. The esophagus is [anterior or posterior] to the vertebral column.
i. The brain is [superior or inferior] to the spinal cord.
j. The fingers are [proximal or distal] to the palm.
k. The kneecap is [anterior or posterior] to the knee joint.
l. The kneecap is [dorsal or ventral] to the knee joint.
m. The eyes are [medial or lateral] to the bridge of nose.
n. The nose is [medial or lateral] to the ears.
o. The thumb is [proximal or distal] to the wrist.
p. Bones are [superficial or deep] to the skin.
q. The kidney is [medial or lateral] to the vertebral column.
Identify each of the following an example of Positive or Negative feedback.
___N___ Response is opposite of or counters the stimulus
____P__ Response amplifies or reinforces the stimulus
___P___ Continues to disrupt homeostasis
____N__ Restores homeostasis
___N___ When blood pH levels fall below a set point, the kidneys collect and remove
more H+ (hydrogen ions) from the blood, thus bring the blood pH levels back to normal
___P__ The female hormone estrogen triggers the release of the luteinizing hormone
(LH); increased production of LH increases the production and release of estrogen
___N___ The anterior pituitary gland produces a hormone called FSH (follicle
stimulating hormone); FSH causes the ovaries to produce and release estrogen; increased
production of estrogen causes a decrease in production of FSH
___N___ When blood calcium levels rise above a set point (hypercalcemia) specialized
cells in the thyroid secrete a hormone called calcitonin. Calcitonin causes specialized
cells in bone tissue to take calcium out of the blood and store it in bone tissue.