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Glaucophyta (algae) PLANTAE Rhodophyta (red algae) Bio100 (Dr Paddack) Lecture 16 (10/24/16) GREEN ALGAE GREEN PLANTS Lecture Quiz #4 I. Phylogenetics A. Phylogenetics B. Constructing phylogenetic trees C. Dating Evolutionary events II. Plant Evolution & Diversity A. Plant evolutionary history B. Plant adaptations for life on land 1. Maintaining moisture 2. Obtaining resources from 2 locations 3. Working against gravity 4. Reproduction & dispersal Descendents (here, species) Ulvophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Charaphyceae (stoneworts) Common ancestor to all green plants NON-VASCULAR PLANTS LAND PLANTS Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Bryophyta (mosses) Ability to live on land Anthocerophyta (hornworts) SEEDLESS PLANTS VASCULAR PLANTS Bacteria Archaea Lycophyta (lycophytes) Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) Eukarya Equisetophyta (horsetails) PLANTAE Vascular tissue Pteridophyta (ferns) GYMNOSPERMS SEED PLANTS Cycadophyta (cycads) Four nested monophyletic groups of plants Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Redwood group (junipers et al.) Pinophyta (pines et al.) Seeds Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) ANGIOSPERMS Anthophyta (flowering plants) Campbell: Figure 13.5A Establishing evolutionary relationships: Building phylogenies: homologous structures 1. Fossil record Pakicetus (terrestrial) Humerus Rodhocetus (predominantly aquatic) Pelvis and hind limb Dorudon (fully aquatic) Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat Pelvis and hind limb Balaena (recent whale ancestor) 1 But, similar structures aren’t always homologous! 3. Molecular biology Compare DNA regions or proteins Analogous structures - Structures that are similar, but not due to close common ancestry Due to Convergent Evolution Two desert plants Figure 15.17 Crane Paddack Nelson, Abelson, Bernardi (2016). J Ocean Sci Foundation 21: 10–17. Outbreak of a stony coral Dating Evolutionary Events: Carbon-dating & Molecular ‘clock’ Genetic analysis mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) Genus Montipora, species unidentified Falalop Men’s House July 2012 2 Carboniferous Period (from ~360-to 299 mya) • Intense plant growth (lots detritus ->peat -> coal) • Changed global CO2 levels, thus climate Plants! Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”) eg. Pines, ginkgo Angiosperms (“contained seeds”) Flowering plants Why move to land? Major challenges • More light energy • Preventing water loss • Much higher concentration of CO2 • Gas exchange • Lots of mineral nutrients • Protection from UV radiation • Few herbivores/pathogens on land • Upright growth LOTS of opportunities for adaptive radiation • Moving water/nutrients 3 Key adaptations for plants to move to land: • Flavonoids • Cuticle • Stomata • Vascular tissue UV radiation • UV damages DNA (may cause mutations) • UV energy attenuates quickly in water • 1st plants evolved flavonoids (UV absorbing compounds) Preventing water loss • Cuticle: waxy coating on stems and leaves Water loss and gas exchange • Pores and stomata: openings that allowing gas exchange and control water loss – Guard cells control opening Upright growth • 1ST plants: low to ground in wet areas (but still vertical…) • More vertical growth: more access to light • BUT Need to support vertical growth and move water/nutrients Plant adaptation for life on land: Gravity & moving resources up/down 1. lignin: complex organic polymer Component of wood 2. Vascular tissue (vessels) Rigid water conducting cells/vessels • Solution to both: vascular tissue 4 Reproduction in Dry Conditions Innovations 1. Spores: encased in tough coating to resist drying Lecture 16 (10/24/16): Study Questions Phylogenetics: 8. Why is molecular data so useful for constructing phylogenetic trees? 9. Define & briefly explain the molecular clock. Plants: 1. The oldest plant fossil is _________ million years old. 2. What caused plants to leave the aquatic environment & colonize land? 3. Briefly describe the conditions during the Carboniferous Period that allowed so much plant growth. 4. How & why did this plant growth change the global climate? Reproduction in Dry Conditions Innovations 2. Gametangia Lecture 16 (10/24/16): Study Questions Phylogenetics: 1. How is a classification system for species useful? 2. Define: phylogenetics, phylogenetic tree, common ancestor, lineage. 3. List the 3 resources biologists use to construct phylogenetic trees. 4. The fossil record does indeed provide a substantial chronicle of evolutionary change, but it is limited. How/why is it limited? 5. Define homologous structures. Provide an example. 6. Define analogous structures & provide an example. 7. Define convergent evolution. Lecture 16 (10/24/16): Study Questions Plants: 5. Define fossil fuels. What is the source of coal? What is the source of oil & gas? Are they renewable? 6. What is the key difference between Gymnosperms & Angiosperms? 7. List the evolutionary adaptations that allowed plants to handle each of the following challenges of living on land: maintaining moisture (2 adaptations); dealing with increased UV radiation; handling gravity (ie, staying upright – 2 adaptations); reproduction. 5