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Causes of World War II
Chapter 31
(Section 4)
Chapter 32
Causes
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Cause #1- Totalitarianism
Cause #2: Aggression
Cause #3: Depression
On the path towards
war…
Nations seek empire!
JAPAN: Empire Builder
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Democratic government fails (1929)
Emperor Hirohito: totalitarian ruler
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Extreme nationalists- DON’T want democracy
Want to expand to solve $ problems
Provide: room, raw goods, markets
HOW?
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INVASION!
Japan Invades Asia
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INVASION: Manchuria (1931)
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Industrialized- iron, coal
Set up puppet- government
**first challenge towards L.O.N.
Forces Japan’s withdrawal from the League!
INVASION: China (1935)
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Border conflictwar!
Nanjing, Beijing fall to Japan (1937)
Italy, Germany Seek Empire
ITALY: Invades Africa
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Wants colonial power
too!
October 1935Mussolini invades
Ethiopia!
L.O.N. does not help
Ethiopia
Others democracies do
nothing- want peace!
GERMANY: Invades
Rhineland
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Defies Versailles Treatymilitarizes!
Invades de-militarized
Rhineland
L.O.N. doesn’t stop it!
French appease
Germany!
Great motivation for Hitler
to continue aggression!
Germany: The Third Reich
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Hitler takes Austria
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And then Czechoslovakia
3million Germans in W. Czech. (Sudetenland)
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Anshcluss raises pro- Nazi sentiment
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Violation union of Austria & Germany
Annexes Austria (1938)
Czechs refuse Hitler- ask France for helpThey DON’T get it!
WHY????
Spain joins Fascist Regime
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Civil War breaks out- (1936)
Fascist supporters overthrow government
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Led by Francisco Franco
Hitler, Mussolini send military aid!
Western Democracies remained neutral!
1939- Spain falls to Franco’s fascist
regime!
Peacekeepers
Democratic Nations attempt to keep
the Peace
ISOLATIONISM
• Policy used by United States
• Supposed to keep the nation out of global
political affairs
• Did not want to be involved in another World
War
• 1935- Neutrality Acts: banned loans, arms sales
to nations @war.
APPEASEMENT
• Used by British, French, and other democratic
nations
• Policy of giving in to an aggressor to maintain
peace
• Happens with Rhineland, Sudetenland
The Munich Conference
• Germany, France, Britain, Italy meet.
• Proposed by Mussolini
• Meeting to discuss the Sudetenland
– Czechs were not invited
– Meeting called for the appeasement of Hitler, Hitler
would not invade Czechoslovakia!
• Neville Chamberlain- Britain
– Appeasement would create “Peace for our time”
– IT DOES NOT!
Aggression Continues…
Italy, Germany continue to seek
empire!
Munich Conference Fails
►6
mos. After signing:
 Hitler takes Czechoslovakia
 Wants Poland to give Danzig (port) to Germany
►Poland-
NO! Do not get any help!
 Mussolini takes Albania
NON-AGGRESSION PACT
► Stalin
bargains with British, French and Hitler
 British and French- STOP HITLER!
► Germany
Signs Pact with Soviets (1939)
 Stalin mad he was not at Munich Conference
 Does not like democracy
 Provisions:
► Germany
and France promise NOT to attack one another for 10
years
► Divide Poland between them (secret provision)
► USSR gets Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland
WORLD WAR II BEGINS
Aggressors seek world
domination
Appeasement drives
Hitler
• No one pressures his actions
• Controls: Rhineland, Austria,
Sudetenland
• Wants: POLAND!
• Demands land be returned!
• LEADS TO WAR!!!!
GERMAN BLITZKRIEG:
• Hitler’s “lightening war”
• September 1st 1939:
• Hitler seeks to attack Poland
• Mercilessly attacks capital:
Warsaw
• Poland falls…
• France and Britain declare war:
• September 3rd 1939
Soviets enter the race
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September 17th 1939
Stalin moves towards E. Poland
Baltic countries fall easily
Needs to fight with Finland
Takes over a year to beat Finns
Germany’s war
continues
• First German’s fight the “phony
war”
• French set up to attack- do nothing
• Germans do the same
• Calm Ends: April 1940
• Hitler invades Denmark, Norway
• Both fall easily- will allow for
German access to G.B.
France under Attack
• May 1940
• Hitler takes: Netherlands,
Belgium, Norway
• Distracts French- sneak in from
behind
• Within 10 days Germany
occupied France
Rescue @Dunkirk
• Allies in France retreat to the
beach @Dunkirk
• Surrounded by German troops
• Great Britain sends massive aid
to rescue French
• 338,000 French were rescued!
France Falls
• June 14- Paris falls
• June 22, 1940- French surrender
• Germans occupy N. France
• Puppet government in S. France
(Vichy)
• Charles DeGaulle- French Gen.
• Sets up government in London
• Wants to regain France!
On to Britain…
• All alone to fight Nazis
• Led by Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister
• “We Shall NEVER Surrender”
• Hitler plans massive attackuses luftwaffe: German airforce
to bomb Britain
The Battle of Britian
• Summer of 1940
• RAF: Royal Air Force
• Uses radar and the enigma
machine to fight back Germans
• Germans turn to night raids
• RAF still fights
• War lasts almost a year- Hitler
forced to call off attacks
Hitler’s Plan Changes
Resistance from British causes
shift in war plan
North Africa
Hitler joins with Axis power Italy
 Attacks North Africa
 Mussolini attacks Egypt- for SUEZ CANAL!
 Wants to take it from British- they fight
back…
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– Hitler has to step in to help
– Sends Erwin Rommel “the desert fox” and
Afrika Corps (German army in Africa)
– Forces British retreat!
The Balkans
Hitler intends to attack USSR
 Needs to get through Balkans first
 Needs bases in SE Europe
– Uses force and gets Bulgaria, Romania,
Hungary to join Axis Powers
– Attacks Yugoslavia and Greece, conquers
them in less then 2weeks, and forces
alignment with Axis powers!
Soviet Union
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Operation Barbarossa:
– June 22nd 1941
– Surprise attack on unprepared Soviet army
– Soviets drag Hitler in 500 miles; use policy of
scorched earth
– Hitler seizes Leningrad, tries to starve the people outdoesn’t work
– Moves on to Moscow: mistake- winter is comingcosts 500,000 German lives!
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Operation Barbarossa- unsuccessful!
ALLIES JOIN FIGHT
United States steps in to aid
Britain and France
Lend-Lease Act
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March 1941
President Teddy Roosevelt
Help allies to buy/borrow U.S. armaments,
and borrow $
• U.S. ships escort Allied ships across Atlantic
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Forces Hitler to return to unrestricted
submarine warfare- will lead to Atlantic
Charter, and unofficial U.S. involvement in
the war!!
Atlantic Charter
Roosevelt, Winston Churchill
 Provisions: TO UPHOLD
• Free trade
• Right of self-determination
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Will become basis for peace
agreement at the end of the war!
U.S. “unofficially” Enters the War
September 4th, 1941
 U-boat fires on American ship
 U.S. ordered to destroy German subs
on sight
 U.S. involved in undeclared naval
war with Germany…
 Japan will actually cause U.S. to
officially enter the war….
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“The Day that will live in
Infamy”
Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7th 1941
Admiral Yamamoto
• Naval Strategist
• Felt U.S. was a threat to Japan
• “Must be destroyed”
• U.S. intercepted/decoded
Japanese messages
• U.S. sends aid to Japans
enemies- cut off oil trade too!
Japanese Empire grows
• Have taken Manchuria, China,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
• Bombed Hong Kong, Guam and Wake
Island
• Turn attention toward Philippines,
Dutch East Indies, Burma, and India
• Will have over 1million sq. mi. of
Asian land!
Battle of the Coral Sea
• Turn tables on Japan
• James H. Doolittle:
• Attacks on Japan send message“Japan vulnerable”
• Raises American morale
• Needs to stop Japan- Battle of the
Coral Sea- slow Japan’s advance
Battle of Midway
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1,500 mi. off Hawaii
Admiral Chester Nimitz
Leads attack on Japan
TURNS THE TIDE OF THE WAR
IN THE PACIFIC!
Island-Hopping
• General Douglas MacArthur
• Seize the weaker footholds near
Japan, worry about the stronger
ones later.
• Battle of Guadalcanal (1943)
• Allied Victory!
World War II in Europe
Hitler and the Holocaust
The Perfect Race
► Aryans:
“master-race”
► Nuremburg Laws: laws against Jews
depriving them of rights
► Leads to mass persecution of Jews!
Kristallnacht
► “Night
of Broken Glass”
► Nazi’s target Jews- violent attack against
Jewish homes, businesses, and people!
► Leads to mass exodus of Jews from
Germany
► Hitler claims it is an end to the problem…
IT IS NOT OVER!!!!
The Final Solution
► Jews
that do not flee are put into “ghettos”
► When they did not die from starvation or
disease► Hitler starts a program of genocide.
 Needed “purity within the Aryan race”
 SS will hunt down Jews; sent to Dachau or
Aushwitz- concentration camps.