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Partitioning The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire ( 1918 – 1922) was a political event that occurred after World War I. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. San Remo Agreement - The League of Nations granted: France mandates over Syria and Lebanon Granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine Parts of the Ottoman Empire became what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Treaty of Sèvres - After the occupation of Istanbul by British and French troops in November, 1918, the Ottoman government collapsed completely and signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. Treaty of Lausanne - The Turkish War of Independence forced the former Allies to return to the negotiating table before the Treaty of Sèvres could be ratified. The Allies and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres. Sykes-Picot Agreement - One unresolved issue was later negotiated under the League of Nations in 1926. The British and French partitioned the eastern part of the Middle East (also called "Greater Syria") between them with the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Balfour Declaration Other secret agreements were concluded with Italy and Russia. The Balfour Declaration encouraged the international Zionist movement to push for a Jewish homeland in the Palestine region. 1800s A.D.- Nationalism was an idea created by well-educated urban middle-class put into action in North Africa. Nationalism is the idea that countries are most successful if the people who live there share some common cultural, historic or religious beliefs Mid-1800s A.D.- boundaries were made by European Colonial powers between Libya, Egypt, and Algeria, but are not based off of any natural or cultural features. Late 1800s- The Arab-Israeli conflict started when Jews started to go back to settle in their homeland. After WWII hostilities broke out against the Jews. The Jews accepted the idea of splitting Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state offered to them by the United Nations. 1800s and early 1900s A.D- Countries, fearing invasion from the Ottoman Empire, form treaties that put them under Great Britain’s control. This led to struggles for independence in the future. 1800s to 1967 A.D- Parts of Yemen were under British control due to the treaties they signed when the Ottoman Empire was a threat to their civilizations. Late 1800s- Western-European powers (WEO – Western European Union) controlled large areas of the sub region. 1900s A.D.- In the mid-1900s a civil war broke out in Algeria, due to the fact that they wanted independence from France. A.D. 1900s- Vast amounts of oil are found in the Middle East, creating a pathway for economic development. INDEPENDENCE!!! 1922 A.D.- In 1922 Egypt gained Independence from the United Kingdom. 1923 A.D.- Turkey is established. 1932 A.D.- Iraq declares itself independent from Britain, which has led to the current day turmoil in the country. 1932 A.D.- The United Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is established. Mid-1900s- Kuwait becomes independent from Britain. 1946- Jordan gained independence from the British. 1946- Syria gains independence from France. 1951 A.D.- Libya gains independence from Italy. 1956 A.D.- Tunisia gained independence from France. 1956 A.D.- Morocco gained independence from France. 1969 A.D.- A group led by Muammar al-Qaddafi overthrew the Western-friendly monarchy. 1971 A.D.- The United Arab Emirates’ treaty with Britain ends. Late 1950s A.D.- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is formed between Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Venezuela, and Saudi Arabia to regulate oil production and keep prices high, which gave them more power. 1956 A.D.- The Suez canal is opened as an important shipping lane that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea across Egypt, giving Egypt a very important regional power. 1979 A.D.- The Islamic Revolution leads to many overthrows, such as the Iranian overthrow of their secular government to clerics or mullahs, which still rule today. 1979 A.D.- Soviet invasion of Afghanistan leads to the mujahideen reacting and Islamic Taliban control, imposing Islam on Afghanistan. 1991 A.D.- The fall of the Soviet Union allow Armenia, Tajikistan, Russia to become independent countries. 1990s- Israeli and Palestinian officials try to move towards peace. After September 11, 2001 A.D.- The United States overthrows the Taliban government in Afghanistan because they sheltered Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, terrorists who attacked the United States. 2009 A.D.- The new Afghan government holds elections, yet still is having trouble controlling the country. Today- Azerbaijan stays Islamic although surrounded by Christians, making it an unique culture to the region and its population an exclave. Works Cited Amazon Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. <http://ecx.images- amazon.com/images/I/51tPR%2BmAgfL._SL500_AA300_.jpg>. “ASSESSMENT OF THE FOOD AND NUTRITION SITUATION IRAQ.” FAO GLOBAL INFORMATION AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE. 05 Mar. 2013 <http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x8147e/x8147e00.htm>. Barnett, Thomas P.M. “Middle East After Iraq.” Globlogization. Thomas P.M. 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Web. 6 Mar. 2013. <http://ionenewsone.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/face_off_israeli_soldier_palestinian_man.jpg>. 123rf. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. <http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/vospalej/vospalej0905/vospalej090500060/4830204-january-11–morocco–independencemanifesto.jpg>. Share this: Twitter Facebook Like this: Like Permalink2 Comments 2 thoughts on “Historical Influences on the Middle East” akiaeiecs says: 1. March 8, 2013 at 3:56 am How did the end of the United Arab Emirate’s treaty with Britain form a group of tribal sheikdoms? Reply smaxwellecs says: 2. March 8, 2013 at 2:52 pm The actual land of the United Arab Emirates was formed from a tribal group of sheikdoms, which existed prior to the United Arab Emirates. Reply Leave a Reply 36d1a254d1 /2013/03/07/histo Enter your comment here... guest The Ottoman Empire The Great Mosque in Damascus, Syria © The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history. It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions. It replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-66), when it expanded to cover the Balkans and Hungary, and reached the gates of Vienna. The Empire began to decline after being defeated at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and losing almost its entire navy. It declined further during the next centuries, and was effectively finished off by the First World War and the Balkan Wars. One legacy of the Islamic Ottoman Empire is the robust secularism of modern Turkey. At its peak it included: Turkey Egypt Greece Bulgaria Romania Macedonia Hungary Palestine Jordan Lebanon Syria Parts of Arabia Much of the coastal strip of North Africa Why was the Empire successful? The recipe for success There were many reasons why the Ottoman Empire was so successful: Highly centralised Power was always transferred to a single person, and not split between rival princes The Ottoman Empire was successfully ruled by a single family for 7 centuries. State-run education system Religion was incorporated in the state structure, and the Sultan was regarded as "the protector of Islam". State-run judicial system Ruthless in dealing with local leaders Promotion to positions of power largely depended on merit Created alliances across political and racial groups United by Islamic ideology and warrior code with ideal of increasing Muslim territory through Jihad Encouraged loyalty from other faith groups Private power and wealth were controlled Very strong military Decline The power of the empire was waning by 1683 when the second and last attempt was made to conquer Vienna. It failed. Without the conquest of Europe and the acquisition of significant new wealth the Empire lost momentum and went into a slow decline. Several other factors contributed to the Empire's decline: The European powers wanted to expand Economic problems Competition from trade from the Americas Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East Development of other trade routes Rising unemployment within the Empire Ottoman Empire became less centralised, and central control weakened Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the administration of the Empire Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion The low quality Sultans of the 17th and 18th centuries The ending of the execution of Sultan's sons and brothers, imprisoning them instead This apparently humane process led to men becoming Sultan after spending years in prison - not the best training for absolute power
