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Microcontrollers,
Microcomputers, and
Microprocessors
Digital Electronics
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?
What is the difference?
A microcontroller is a small, low
cost computer on a single
integrated circuit.
ATmega328 Microcontroller
• Processor
• Memory
• Programmable
Input/Output(I/O)
Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board
SparkFun Electronics, . Arduino Uno - R3. 2013.
Photograph. Wikipedia Commons Web. 7 Jan 2014.
Microcontrollers are used to perform one dedicated
task. One specific program.
They are usually embedded in products.
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Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?
What is the difference?
A microcomputer is a small,
relatively inexpensive computer
with a microprocessor as its
central processing unit.
It includes:
• a microprocessor
• memory
• input/output (I/O) facilities
Commodore 64 Microcomputer
Evan-Amos, . Commodore-64-Computer. 2011.
Photograph. Wikipedia Commons Web. 7 Jan 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commodore-64-Computer.jpg>..
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Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?
What is the difference?
Why is it called a “micro” computer?
Early computers such as
ENIAC filled entire rooms.
A “micro”computer by comparison
with a keyboard, monitor, and
mouse are commonly referred to as
a personal computer today.
U.S. Army Photo, . ENIAC. 197. Photograph.
Wikipedia Commons Web. 7 Jan 2014.
The prefix “micro” is not commonly
used in describing computers
anymore.
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Microcontroller, Computer, or Processor?
What is the difference?
Application Processors
As the use of smart phones
and mobile devices has
expanded, a new type of
processor has been defined.
Intel® Quark SoC X1000 Application Processor
Today, microprocessors in computers are often just referred
to as processors. All computers today have a processor as
the CPU.
Microprocessors designed for use in mobile applications are
called application processors.
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Microcontroller, Microcomputer, or Microprocessor?
What is the difference?
A microprocessor is an IC which has
only the Central Processing Unit inside
them. They only have processing powers.
Microprocessors don’t have RAM, ROM,
and other peripheral on the chip.
A system designer has to add them
externally to make them functional.
Once again, the prefix “micro” is
increasingly left today in favor of just
processor.
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What is a Microcontroller?
Microcontrollers are used to control many everyday products
like garage door openers, traffic lights, home thermostats,
and robots. Embedded controllers are everywhere.
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What are the Parts of a
Microcontroller?
Microcontrollers contain:
• A Central Processing Unit
• Some form of memory
• Programmable Input / Output
ATmega328 Microcontroller
(CPU)
(MEMORY)
(I/O)
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What are the Parts of the
Arduino Microcontroller Board?
The Arduino Microcontroller Board Specifications:
• (14) Digital I/O Pins:
(6) are PWM Specific
Digital / PWM
• (6) Analog I/O Pins
• Power: USB or external.
If using power supply with
2.1mm center-positive plug,
recommend range 7V-12V.
• USB Connection: Type B
• 5V or 3.3V option
Analog
USB
Power
Vext
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Programming a Microcontroller
Programming languages have
their own grammar called syntax.
Programs written with the Ardiuno
software are called Sketches.
A Sketch
(program written with Arduino)
will contain:
• Variables
• Functions
• Setup()
• Loop()
• Structures
• Comments
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Programming a Microcontroller
• The Arduino software
consists of an Integrated
development environment
(IDE) and the core libraries.
• The core libraries are written
in C and C++ and compiled
using avr-gcc and AVR Libc.
• The Arduino software
language you program in is
very similar to C++ because it
is derived from C/C++.
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Example: Blink
This sketch (program) will
continue to turn on LED on for 1
second and off for 1 second.
The sketch (program) includes :
setup() function - Initializes
variables, pin modes, start using
libraries, etc.
loop() function - loops code
consecutively.
// Comments - Detailed descriptions not executed.
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Example: Blink
void - The void keyword is used
only in function declarations.
It indicates that the function is
expected to return no information
to the function from which it was
called.
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Example: Blink
Syntax: { } Curly Braces
(also referred to as just "braces" or as "curly brackets")
Curly Braces are a major part of
the C programming language.
Balanced Braces - An opening
curly brace "{" must always be
followed by a closing curly
brace "}".
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Example: Blink
Curly Braces –
Beginning programmers, and
programmers coming to C from
the BASIC language often find
using braces confusing or
daunting.
The same curly braces in C replace:
the RETURN statement in a subroutine (function),
the ENDIF statement in a conditional and
the NEXT statement in a FOR loop in the BASIC language.
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Example: Blink
Syntax: The main uses of { } Curly Braces
Functions
void myfunction(datatype argument){
statements(s)
}
Loops
while (boolean expression)
{
statement(s)
}
do
{
statement(s)
} while (boolean expression);
for (initialisation; termination condition;
incrementing expr)
{
statement(s)
}
Conditional statements
if (boolean expression)
{
statement(s)
}
else if (boolean expression)
{
statement(s)
}
else
{
statement(s)
}
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Example: Blink
/*
Blink
Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
This example code is in the public domain.
*/
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
// give the variable “integer” the name “led”:
int led = 13;
// the setup routine runs once to declare function when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin “pinMode” you defined as “led” as an output.
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
// the void loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
}
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Example: Blink
/*
Blink
Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
This example code is in the public domain.
*/
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
// give the variable “integer” the name “led”:
int led = 13;
A variable is a place for storing a piece of data.
It has a type, a name, and a value.
For example, the Blink sketch declares a variable with:
the type “integer” int, name led, and an initial value = 13;
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Example: Blink
Variable Data Types Include:
void
boolean
char
unsigned char
byte
int
unsigned int
word
unsigned long
short
float
double
string - char array
String - object
Array
long
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Example: Blink
/*
Blink
Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
This example code is in the public domain.
*/
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
// give the variable “integer” the name “led”:
int led = 13;
// the setup routine runs once to declare function when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin “pinMode” you defined as “led” as an output.
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
A function (also known as a sub-routine) is a named
piece of code that can be used from elsewhere in the
code.
The setup() function in this example sets the variable
led as an OUTPUT.
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Example: Blink
/*
Blink
Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
This example code is in the public domain.
*/
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
The loop() function loops consecutively, allowing your
program to change and respond.
Use it to actively control the Arduino board.
// the void loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
}
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Your Turn
Open Source Community
Arduino Software is free. You can install it at home if you
would like to continue work on your DE projects and/or create
new projects of your own.
For the newest version of Aurdino IDE visit their website.
In the next activities, you will program a microcontroller to
integrate new types of sensors and input devices.
Memsic 2125
Dual-axis Accelerometer
PIR Sensor
(Passive Infra-Red)
2-Axis Joystick
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