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Periodic Trends 3/11/16 SLO Students will be able to describe trends among elements for atomic size, ionization energy, ionic size, and how ions are formed. How can we further use the Periodic Table to make predictions about the elements? Recognize trends in the elements as we move across a period or down a group. We can determine the following characteristics of an element using the periodic table: Atomic Radius Ionization Energy Electronegativity 2 Trends to explain all other trends Electron Shielding- the reduction of the attractive force of the nucleus for the outer electrons caused by electrons in energy levels between the nucleus and the outer electrons Nuclear charge- the number of protons in the nucleus. More protons = increased nuclear charge and increased attraction between the nucleus and electrons. Atomic Radius Atomic Radius- ½ of the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element in a diatomic molecule Atomic Radius Atomic Radius Independent Practice Using your periodic table and the atomic radius chart, determine which of the elements in each pair has a larger atomic radius: 1. Cesium (Cs) and Potassium (K) 2. Calcium (Ca) and Gold (Au) 3. Rubidium (Rb) and Strontium (Sr) 4. Oxygen (O) and Sulfur (S) 5. Xenon (Xe) and Neon (Ne) 6. Aluminum (Al) and Tin (Sn) 7. Helium (He) and Fluorine (F) 8. Boron (B) and Bromine (Br) Why do elements have different reactivities? It all depends on valence electrons Almost every atom is stable (not reactive) if it has 8 valence electrons Exceptions: those that only need 2 electrons to fill the outer electron shell: H, He, Li, Be, B If an atom has less than 8 valence electrons, it will gain, lose, or share electrons to become stable Ions= When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become charged Becoming Stable Atoms that have 1-3 valence electrons will LOSE (or share) electrons to become stable When electrons are lost, this causes a charge More protons than electrons results in a positively charged ion called a cation Example: potassium has 1 valence electron. It loses an electron to become K+ Calcium has 2 valence electrons. It loses 2 electrons to become Ca2+ Becoming Stable Atoms that have 5-7 valence electrons will GAIN (or share) electrons to become stable When electrons are gained, this causes a charge More electrons than protons results in a negatively charged ion called an anion Example: Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. It gains 1 electron to be stable. Cl Oxygen has 6 valence electrons. It gains 2 electrons to be stable O2- Forming cations Forming anions In addition to Atomic Radius, we have an Ionic Radius Where do ions or ionic radius come from? Periodic Trends Trend for atomic size (atomic radius) Down a group, size increases Occurs because # of E levels increases & Electrons shielding reduces amount of attraction between nucleus and outer electrons Across a period, size decreases # of protons increases (nuclear charge increases), pulling electrons closer Electron shielding doesn’t change because electrons are added to the same energy level Atomic Radius Increases Atomic Radius Decreases Ionization Energy Ion- atom that gains or loses electrons Ionization Energy- energy required to remove an electron. Easiest to remove 2 electrons from 2A Because there are 2 valence Easiest to remove 3 electrons from 3A Energy must be added to overcome the attraction of the positive charge of the nucleus X(g) X+(g) + e- 1st ionization X+(g) X2+(g) + e- 2nd ionization Because there are 3 valence Outer shell electrons are easier to remove than other electrons! Ionization Energy Periodic Trends Ionization energy Down a group- decreases because electrons are held more loosely due to increased electron shielding Across a period- increases because electrons are held more tightly due to increased nuclear charge (increased # of protons in the nucleus) Ionization Energy Decreases Ionization Energy Increases Periodic Trends Metals form positive ions- Cations More likely to lose electrons (lower ionization energy) Nonmetals form negative ions- Anions More likely to gain electrons (higher ionization energy) Periodic Trends Ionic Radii Trends Cations- smaller than neutral atom because fewer electrons result in greater attraction by nuclei Anions- larger than neutral atom because more electrons result in less attraction by nuclei Across a period- size decreases Down a group – size increases Atom versus Ion Ion Size Increases Ion Size Decreases CLASSWORK! Reading Assignment: Sec 6.3 Written Assignment: pg. 182, #18-21, 24, 25 Periodic Trends Part 2 Do Now Complete the half sheet of paper relating to the Periodic Trends that we have already discussed in class. Periodic Trends Part 2 SLO Students will be able to describe trends in electronegativity and electron affinity on the periodic table. Homework Check! 18. Atomic size generally increases as you move down a group, and decreases from left to right across a period. 19. Ions form when electrons are transferred between atoms. 20. First ionization energy generally decreases as you move down a group and increases from left to right across a period. 21. Anions are larger and cations are smaller than the atoms from which they form. Vocabulary Review Ion Electronic Shielding Alkaline Earth Metals Nuclear Charge Metal Period Nonmetal Metalloid Cation Ionization Energy Anion Transition Metals Inner Transition Metals Periodic Law Noble Gases Group Representative Elements Alkali Metals Halogens Periodic Trends Electronegativity- tendency for the atoms of the element to attract electrons when the atoms are part of a compound Fluorine (F) is most electronegative Noble gases- no electronegativity valuesdon’t form compounds Periodic Trends Electronegativity TrendsDown a group – decreases- since electron shielding results in less attraction for electrons by the nucleus Across a period- increases- since there is a higher atomic number and consistent electron shielding result in more attraction for electrons Electronegativity allows you to predict bond type: covalent (includes polar vs. nonpolar) and ionic Electronegativity Decreases Electronegativity Increases Electron Affinity Electron affinity of an element is the energy given off when a neutral atom in the gas phase gains an extra electron to form a negatively charged ion Example: F(g) + e- F-(g) Ho (ENERGY) = -328.0 kJ/mol Think of it like electronegativity without the need to bond… It still has to do with attraction for electrons. Trends in Electron Affinity Down a group, it decreases because electron shielding blocks some of the attraction from the nucleus Across a period, it increases because nuclear charge increases, attracting electrons more strongly. Electron Affinity Decreases Electron Affinity Increases Periodic Trends Knowledge of trends in electron shielding and nuclear charge explain all other trends http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ls ps07.sci.phys.matter.graphperiodic/ 6.3 Section Quiz 1. Which of the following sequences is correct for atomic size? Mg > Al > S Li > Na > K F > N > B F > Cl > Br 6.3 Section Quiz 2. gain Metals tend to electrons to form cations. gain electrons to form anions. lose electrons to form anions. lose electrons to form cations. 6.3 Section Quiz 3. Which of the following is the most electronegative? Cl Se Na I CLASSWORK! Written Assignment: pg. 186, #38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45 6.3 Summary of Trends Increases Increases Decreases Ionization Ionicof size energy Size Size Electronegativity Atomic Nuclear Shielding of anions cations Size Charge DecreasesConstant Periodic Trends Part 2 Do Now Arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius: Radon (Rn) Nickel (Ni) Sodium (Na) Tellurium (Te) Xenon (Xe) Cobalt (Co) Potassium (K) Antimony (Sb)