Download FCS 324/Psych 370

FCS 324/Psych 370
Chapter 4 Review Items
1.
Infancy and toddlerhood is the ____________ fastest growth period in the
lifespan, with height more than _____ greater at one year and ___greater at
two years than at birth. Similarly, birth weight has about ___________ by 5
months, ____________ by one year and __________________ by two years.
2.
In infancy and throughout childhood, girls are, on average, (smaller/bigger)
than boys.
3.
At birth, the _________ is nearer its adult size than any other physical
structure, and it continues to develop at an (astounding/slow) pace throughout
infancy and toddlerhood.
4.
_____________ are nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit
information.
5.
Between neurons, there are tiny gaps, or ____________, across which
messages pass.
6.
Explain the process of synaptic pruning.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
7.
About half of the brain’s volume is made up of _________ cells, whose most
important function is __________________, the coating of neural fibers with
an insulating fatty sheath that improves the efficiency of message transfer.
8.
True or False: The cerebral cortex is the largest, most complex brain
structure, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapse.
9.
Describe the different functions typically controlled by the left and right
hemispheres of the brain.
A. Left: _______________________________________________________
B. Right: ______________________________________________________
10.
Explain the concepts of lateralization and brain plasticity, noting how the two
are related.
Lateralization: _________________________________________________
Brain Plasticity: ________________________________________________
Relationship: ___________________________________________________
11.
True or False: Overstimulation of infants and toddlers threatens their interest
in learning and may create situations similar to those of stimulus deprivation.
12.
Describe major changes in the organization of sleep and wakefulness during
the first 2 years of life.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13.
True or False: When diet and health are adequate, height and rate of physical
growth are largely determined by heredity.
14.
Describe at least four nutritional and health benefits of breast milk.
A. ____________________________________________________________
B. ____________________________________________________________
C. ____________________________________________________________
D. ____________________________________________________________
15.
True or False: Malnutrition is only a concern in developing countries.
16.
Define learning. ________________________________________________
17.
Briefly explain how learning takes place through classical conditioning.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
18.
Match the following terms to the appropriate definition.
______ A neutral stimulus that leads to a reflexive
response (if learning occurs).
______ A learned response exhibited toward a
previously neutral stimulus.
______ A reflexive response.
______ A stimulus that automatically leads to a
reflexive response.
1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
2. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
3. Unconditioned response (UR)
4. Conditioned response (CR)
19.
Briefly explain how learning takes place through operant conditioning.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
20.
Define the terms reinforcer and punishment as they relate to operant
conditioning.
Reinforcer: _____________________________________________________
Punishment: ____________________________________________________
21.
Define the terms habituation and recovery, or dishabituation.
Habituation: ____________________________________________________
Recovery or dishabituation: ________________________________________
22.
Define the term imitation.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
23.
Distinguish between gross and fine motor development, and provide examples
of each.
Gross: _________________________________________________________
Fine: __________________________________________________________
24.
True or False: Although the sequence of motor development is fairly
uniform, large individual differences exist in the rate of development.
25.
Match the following terms with the appropriate definition.
_____ Well-coordinated movement in which infants
use the thumb and forefinger opposably.
_____ Poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward
an object.
_____ Clumsy motion in which the fingers close
against the palm.
1. Prereaching
2. Ulnar grasp
3. Pincer grasp
26.
What is depth perception, and why is it important in infant development?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
27.
What is intermodal perception?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
28. True or False: From birth, infants are capable of combining information from
multiple sensory systems.