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Climate Weather vs. Climate Weather state of the atmosphere at a particular moment Climate long term weather conditions Factors Determining Climate 1) Latitude 2) Atmospheric circulation patterns 3) Oceanic circulation patterns 4) Geography 5) Solar activity 6) Volcanic activity 7) Distance from equator Latitude Definition: Distance degrees north or south of the equator Two Categories of Latitude: 1) Low latitude 2) High latitude Low Latitude Location: Close to the equator Sunlight: Vertical Temperature: High High Latitude Location: Close to the poles Sunlight: Oblique Temperature: Cold Atmospheric Circulation 3 Properties of Air 1) Cold air sinks 2) Warm air rises 3) Warm air holds more water vapor than cold air How the Air Gets Warmed sun heats ground → warm ground heats air above it → this warm air rises → cool air goes back towards the ground Wind Definition: Movement of warm air and cool air within the atmosphere Oceanic Circulation Patterns Why the ocean has currents: Wind Rotation of earth Role of Water Currents: Redistribute warm and cool water around the planet Topography Height: For every 1,000 meters in elevation the temperature drops 11ºF Ex: Explains why mountains near the equator have snow on the top of their peaks Topography Mountains: Side of mountain closest to the water gets a lot of rain Side of mountain furthest away to the water gets little to no rain (rain shadow) Volcanic Eruption's Influence on Climate Sulfur dioxide gas is released into the air by an erupting volcano → gas combines with water vapor in stratosphere → a layer of haze forms that blocks the sunlight from reaching earth → temperature on earth decreases Sun's Influence on Climate Effects of Increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun 1) produces more ozone 2) warms the surface of the earth Northern Hemisphere's Seasons • NOT caused by the differences in the distance from the Sun throughout the year • Seasons are the result of the TILT of the Earth's axis Summer in Northern Hemisphere Summer: Northern hemisphere tilts TOWARDS the sun and receives direct sunlight Fall in Northern Hemisphere Fall: The earth's axis is tilted sideways in respect to the sun Winter in Northern Hemisphere Winter: Northern hemisphere tilts AWAY from the sun and receives indirect sunlight Spring in Northern Hemisphere Spring: The earth's axis is tilted sideways in respect to the sun Seasons Video Clip