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The Rise to War: The Russian Revolution Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II. • a. Examine the influence of Albert Einstein on science, Sigmund Freud on social thinking and Pablo Picasso on art. • b. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. Essential/DOK Question • Differentiate among the influences of the following individuals: Albert Einstein had on science, Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis and Pablo Picasso on art. • Explain how the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin led to the Russian Revolution, the results of that revolution and Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. Causes of the Russian Revolution • In October, growing civil unrest, coupled with chronic food shortages, erupted into open revolt, forcing the abdication of Nicholas II (1868-1918), the last Russian czar. Just months later, the newly installed provisional government was itself overthrown by the more radical Bolsheviks (Communist Party) led by Vladimir Lenin (18701924). Results of the Russian Revolution • The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in Petrograd, and soon formed a new government with Lenin as its head. • Lenin became the virtual dictator of the first Marxist state in the world. His government made peace with Germany, nationalized industry and distributed land. Results of the Russian Revolution Beginning in 1918 the Bolsheviks had to fight a devastating civil war against anti-Bolshevik White Army forces. In 1920, the anti-Bolsheviks were defeated, and in 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established. Stalin’s Five Year Plan • Lenin dies in 1924 and Stalin succeeds him. • In the late 1920s, Joseph Stalin launched a series of five-year plans intended to transform the Soviet Union from a peasant society into an industrial superpower. His development plan was centered on government control of the economy. • Stalin ruled by terror and with a totalitarian grip. Science and Art • Albert Einstein was excelling in physics, winning the Noble Peace Prize in that field in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. He is also known for his theory of relativity. • Sigmund Freud was working in his theory of psychoanalysis, Oedipus Complex and ego. • Pablo Picasso was in his Crystal Period painting cube inspired paintings. The Rise of Fascism and Nationalism Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II. • c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in Japan. • d. Analyze the rise of nationalism as seen in the ideas of Sun Yat Sen, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, and Mohandas Gandhi. Essential/DOK Questions • Compare and contrast the fascist policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany; include a discussion of the militaristic empire of Japan under Emperor Hirohito. • Assess the rise of nationalism in the ideas of Sun Yat Sen of China, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Turkey and Mohandas Gandhi in India. Policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy • Founder of Italian Fascism, became Dictator of Italy. He dreamed of a New Roman Empire. • Government control of business was part of Mussolini's policy planning. • Mussolini's foremost priority was the control of the minds of the Italian people and the use of propaganda to do so. A lavish cult of personality centered on the figure of Mussolini was promoted by the regime. The Policies of Emperor Hirohito in Japan • The first part of Hirohito's reign took place against a background of financial crisis and increasing military power within the government. • Japan remained aggressive towards China, taking over parts of the country. Japan became a WARTIME REGIME, not fascist like Italy or Germany. The Policies of Adolf Hitler in Germany • Hitler, dictator of Germany, gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting PanGermanism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. • He sought “living space” for the German people in his aggressive invasion policies in Europe. Rise of Nationalism • Sun Yat Sen - Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12) and later as de facto ruler. • Mustafa Kemal Atatur founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. Rise of Nationalism • Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) - the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in Britishruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Aggression and Conflicts Begin Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II. • e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how they differ from authoritarian governments. • f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia; include the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, the Rape of Nanking in China, and the German annexation of the Sudetenland. Essential/DOK Questions • Distinguish the differences between a totalitarian and authoritarian government – how did the police state that existed in Russia, Germany and Italy epitomize totalitarianism? • Describe the aggression and conflict that caused one of the following: Italian invasion of Ethiopia; or the Spanish Civil War; or the Rape of Nanking in China; or the German annexation of the Sudetenland. Totalitarianism v. Authoritarianism • Totalitarianism – the government tries to regulate public and private life. It is usually paired with a strong gov’t ideology, a radical figurehead and control of the public through propaganda and terror. Ex: Nazi Germany • Authoritarianism – a strong central government with limited political freedom for citizens. Ex: Communist Cuba Totalitarianism and the Police State in Russia, Germany and Italy • The leaders: Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. • All three of these leaders ruled viciously. They, in common, used secret police, censorship of the media, and propaganda to maintain power. • Ex: Stalin sent political enemies off to Gulag work camps in Siberia, where they would die from cold and hunger. Italian Invasion of Ethiopia • 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. • Mussolini was following Hitler’s policy of “If you consider it German, take it.” • Italy had tried to make Ethiopia its colony years before, so Mussolini considered Ethiopia as Italy’s property. Spanish Civil War • 1936 – 1939 • A struggle between those loyal to the Democratic Republic of Spain and those loyal to the fascist General Francisco Franco. • Franco’s followers won and he ruled Spain until his death in 1975. Rape of Nanking in China • The Japanese continued their aggression towards China. • In December 1937, the Japanese attacked Nanking, the capitol of the Republic of China. • Japanese soldiers murdered Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants who numbered an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000, and perpetrated widespread rape and looting. • Some soldiers were prosecuted but many escaped punishment for their crimes. Germany Annexes the Sudetenland After the annexation of Austria, Hitler looked to the Sudetenland where many Germans lived. At the Munich Conference, France and the UK appeased Hitler by granting him the Sudetenland to avoid a larger European war. Major WWII Battles and How the War Ends Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH18 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global political, economic, and social impact of World War II. • a. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes; include Pearl Harbor, El-Alamein, Stalingrad, D-Day, Guadalcanal, the Philippines, and the end of the war in Europe and Asia. • c. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations between the leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the Soviet Union (Stalin), and the United States (Roosevelt/Truman) from Tehran to Yalta and Potsdam and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe. Essential/DOK Questions • Contrast the major conflicts and outcomes: Discuss Pearl Harbor, El-Alamein, Stalingrad, D-Day, Guadalcanal, the Philippines and the end of the war in Europe and Asia. • Describe the military and diplomatic negotiations between Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt or Truman in one of the various WWII conferences: Tehran, Yalta or Potsdam. What was the impact on Europe? Pearl Harbor • On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. • 8 battle battleships were damaged, 4 sunk and only the USS Arizona was never raised. • 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 wounded. • This event caused the U.S. to declare war on Japan. In turn, Germany and Italy declared war on us. North Africa and the European Theater • Battle of El-Alamein took place near the Egyptian railway stop of the same name. The Allies won this battle and ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. • The Battle of Stalingrad in Russia is considered one of the bloodiest battles in all of human history. It was defined by hand to hand combat at nearly every house and building in the city. It was a turning point in the war and a huge loss for the Germans. D-Day • June 6, 1944 – the Allied invasions of the Normandy beaches on the coast of France. • The largest seaborne invasion in history. • The goal: To free France from the Nazis and establish a home base for the entrance of troops and materials to fight in Europe. • Allied and Axis casualties were at least 20,000. Pacific Theater • The Battle of Guadalcanal began in August 1942 around the island of the same name. Allied troops sought to control the area to protect supply and communication routes between the U.S., Australia and New Zealand from the Japanese. • The Allies won and this was a significant victory in controlling the Pacific and defeating the Japanese. • The Battle of the Philippines (1944-45) was a joint campaign by the Allies and Filipinos to dispel the Japanese from those islands. The Japanese on the islands eventually surrendered after the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies. Tehran Conference • The Big Three (Winston Churchill (UK), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR)) met in 1943 to discuss WWII issues at the USSR embassy in Tehran, Iran. • The Allies committed to opening a second front against Nazi Germany and an envisioned post-war settlement. A separate protocol signed at the conference pledged the Big Three to recognize Iran's independence. Yalta Conference • The Big Three meet again in 1945 in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea. They discussed Europe's post-war reorganization. • While the Big Three agreed on free elections for the people of Europe, Stalin had no intention of honoring this promise – which eventually led to the Cold War. Potsdam Conference • The Potsdam Conference was held in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from 17 July to 2 August 1945. • Stalin, Churchill, Clement Attlee (UK’s new PM) and Harry Truman (the new President of the US) met to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8 May (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaty issues, and countering the effects of the war. VE Day • Victory in Europe Day – May 8, 1945. The Nazi’s formally surrendered and this ended the war in Europe. • On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler and his mistress committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin. • Berlin fell to the Allies (Soviet troops in this case) and the Nazis were defeated. • People celebrated in the streets around the world, including in major U.S. cities. VJ Day • The Japanese did not surrender despite VE Day and the war continued on in the Pacific. • President Truman choose to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki instead of a risky invasion that would cost the U.S. 1.2 million American lives. • Japan finally surrendered on August 14, 1945 (U.S. time). The Holocaust and Post-WWII Georgia Performance Standards • SSWH18 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global political, economic, and social impact of World War II. • B. Identify Nazi ideology, policies, and consequences that led to the Holocaust. • D. Explain allied Post-World War II policies; include formation of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for Europe, and MacArthur’s plan for Japan. Essential/DOK Questions • Explain how Nazi ideology, politics and consequences led to the Holocaust. • Examine the post WWII policies such as the United Nations, the Marshall Plan for Europe and MacArthur’s Plan for Japan. Nazi Ideology and Politics • Nazis believed in racial hierarchy, that the Aryan (or Nordics) were the master race. They even encouraged young girls to get pregnant out of wedlock to grow the Aryan race! • The Nazis also wanted to unite all Germans within the same territory. • They also believed that Jews were an inferior race and the cause of many of society’s ills because of stereotypes about Jewish control of financial, political or economic systems of Europe. Holocaust Consequences • Because of the Nazis beliefs about Jews, they believed in the persecution and the eradication of these people. • Hitler and his secret police rounded up Jews across German controlled lands and forced them into concentration camps, like Auschwitz and Dachau. • It is estimated that the Nazis killed at least 6 million Jews in gas chambers, work camps, etc. Formation of the United Nations • U.S., British, Soviet, and Chinese representatives met in Washington, D.C. in August and September 1944 to draft the charter of a postwar international organization based on the principle of collective security. They recommended a General Assembly of all member states and a Security Council consisting of the Big Four (U.S., UK, China and Soviet Union) plus six members chosen by the Assembly. • Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April-June 1945 to complete the Charter of the United Nations. Marshall Plan for Europe • The Marshall Plan, named for U.S. Secretary of State John Marshall, was an economic plan devised by the U.S. to help revitalize Western Europe after WWII. The U.S. gave over $12 billion dollars in aid. • The goals of the United States were to rebuild wardevastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of communism. Manhattan Project • Code name for the project to develop the first atom bomb. • Einstein emigrated to the U.S. because he was a Jew at risk under the Nazi’s hands. Thankfully he wrote a letter to Roosevelt about the Nazi’s attempts to develop an atom bomb which prompted the project. • The Trinity Test was the first test of the bombs which eventually destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • Dr. Robert Oppenheimer is known for heading the project and quoting the Bhagavad Gita, “I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” MacArthur’s Plan for Japan • General Douglas MacArthur and the U.S. military occupied Japan from 1945 – 1951. • He worked with the Japanese to remake their country into an American model – free elections, equality for women and a Japanese constitution.