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Hist 110 American Civilization I Instructor: Dr. Donald R. Shaffer Upper Iowa University Lecture 14 The Secession Crisis Lincoln’s election with only northern votes and his firm opposition to the spread of slavery into the territories convinced Lower South states to secede South Carolina seceded: Dec. 20, 1860 Quickly followed by six other Lower South states Feb. 7, 1861: Confederate States of America formed John J. Crittenden of Kentucky attempted a new compromise but failed The new Confederate government seized federal installations in the South Federal troops retained Fort Sumter on an island in Charleston Harbor Lincoln decided to try to hold on to this fort by resupplying the garrison, forcing the Confederates to act Fort Sumter fired on by the Confederates: April 12, 1861—war resulted The attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 Lecture 14 First Battles After the attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days Four border (Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) states responded by seceding and joining the Confederacy Bull Run-Manassas (July 21) First major battle of the war Union forces tried to capture a critical railroad junction leading to the new Confederate capital at Richmond The timely arrival of Confederate reinforcements won them the battle Other notable events William Rosecrans, under George McClellan, drove the Confederates from West Virginia (May-June) Wilson’s Creek (August 10): Confederates won the first major engagement in the Far West, but failed to capitalize on it because most of Missouri’s population remained firmly pro-Union The Orange and Alexandria Railroad: used the Confederates to move troops from the Shenandoah Valley and win the First Battle of Bull Run Lecture 14 Capabilities and Strategies Over 90 percent of U.S. industry in North in 1860 22 million people in the North vs. 9 million people in the South Nearly 4 million southerners were slaves Lack of southern financial infrastructure Forced the South to rely mostly on printing money to finance its war effort South had a poorer transportation network Less railroad mileage Poorly maintained, with less uniformity of gauges Made it harder for the Confederates to shift troops between theaters Northern Strategy: Anaconda Plan (1861) Brainchild of Winfield Scott, became strategy by default Naval blockade of the South Capture strategic southern territory, slowly strangle the South Southern Strategy Exhaust northern resolve, win foreign recognition Winfield Scott Lecture 14 1862 Ulysses S. Grant advanced in the western theater Captured Forts Henry and Donelson Battle of Shiloh (April): Grant won the battle, but nearly lost his command over high casualties George McClellan took charge of the Union Army in the East Ulysses S. Grant Built the Army of the Potomac Failed Peninsula campaign: McClellan dithered in his preparations, overly cautious in his advance up the peninsula Union offensive in the East stopped at the Seven Days (June-July 1862) Robert E. Lee took command Confederate offensive into the North stopped at Battle of Antietam (Sept. 1862) The Union defeat at Fredericksburg prevented the Union from exploiting its victory at Antietam George McClellan Lecture 14 The Strange Advent of Emancipation Both sides tried to ignore slavery at the beginning Lincoln was especially eager to do so because he did not wish to alienate the remaining loyal slave states “Contraband of War” Union commanders in the field quickly realized the military value of slaves General Benjamin Butler declared slaves to be “Contraband of War” which meant that they could be confiscated and put to work for the Union Congress made Butler’s policy law and a year later authorized freedom for slaves confiscated from disloyal owners Emancipation Proclamation (Sept. 1862) Border states and occupied South exempted Signaled change in Northern war strategy Helped prevent European recognition of Confederacy Drawing from a British illustrated newspaper depicting slaves seeking refuge inside Union lines (c. 1861) Lecture 14 1863 Chancellorsville (May): Confederate victory convinced Robert E. Lee to mount a new invasion of the North Gettysburg (July 1-3) Three day battle, culminating in a disastrous Confederate assault on the center of the Union line (Pickett’s Charge) Lee lost ¼ of his army at Gettysburg and was forced to retreat back south Fall of Vicksburg (July 4) Ulysses S. Grant captured Vicksburg after a long and difficult campaign Its loss cut the Confederacy in two and denied them the use of the Mississippi Grant followed up his victory at Vicksburg with a campaign that drove the Confederates from Tennessee Lincoln rewarded Grant with a promotion to Lieutenant General and gave him overall command of the Union army Confederate dead after the Battle of Gettysburg Lecture 14 Why the Civil War was so Deadly 620,000 American died in the Civil War Union deaths: 360,000 Confederate deaths: 260,000 Since Confederate forces (820,000) were much smaller than Union forces (2.1 million) a southern soldiers was more likely to die in the conflict Dirty secret of death in the Civil War: most soldiers died of disease in camp rather than because of conflict A combination of war before germ theory’s discovery and exposing soldiers to diseases they wouldn’t have encountered otherwise But the battlefield was more deadly than in earlier wars because of advances in military technology The development of the minie ball allowed all soldiers to use rifled muskets Rifled muskets and artillery expanded the zone of lethal fire, making Napoleonic tactics commonly used in the Civil War largely useless and increasing casualties Rifling the inside of a musket barrel made it considerably more accurate Over a longer distance than she previously common smoothbore musket “Minie ball” ammunition was as easy to load in a rifled musket as roundball in a smoothbore, making it a feasible weapon for ordinary infantry Lecture 14 1864 Grant left William Tecumseh Sherman in charge in the western theater, while he took personal charge of the eastern armies Grant and Sherman’s approach in 1864 was later called “total war” or “hard war” Keep engaging Confederate forces to deny them time to rest, resupply, and regroup Destroy anything of value to the Confederates, even if it meant civilian suffering Grant engaged Lee’s army, maneuvering until he bogged down in front of Petersburg, Virginia Trench warfare until Spring 1865 Sherman invaded Georgia Captured Atlanta after a long, difficult campaign Then raided through Georgia until he reached the Atlantic Ocean Sherman’s victories and other Union successes guaranteed Lincoln’s reelection in November 1864 Result showed the North’s resolve to fight until it had achieved total victory William Tecumseh Sherman Lecture 14 The Civil War in the Far West Both the North and the South coveted the Far West Confederate sympathizers throughout the region, but Union supporters more prevalent Pro-Confederate supporters strongest in southern New Mexico territory, where they unsuccessfully tried to establish a Confederate territorial government New Mexico (1862) Confederate forces invaded New Mexico territory from Texas in Spring 1862 They won two tactical victories at Val Verde (February) and Glorieta Pass (March) but the destruction of their supply wagons by Colorado militia forced them to retreat back to Texas Native Americans remained a problem The Santee Sioux rose up in Minnesota, forcing Lincoln to divert troops there Colorado militia massacred peaceful Indians at Sand Creek(Nov. 1864) Glorieta Pass, New Mexico Site of the western-most battle of the Civil War in March 1862 Lecture 14 Final Collapse of the Confederacy Confederate situation in early 1865 desperate Sherman’s army marched through the Carolinas largely unopposed Lee’s army barely held on in front of Petersburg Hungry and increasingly demoralized his army faced constant desertion Confederate Congress votes to arm slaves (March) Lee’s lines collapsed on April 2 Richmond fell (April 3) Lee surrenders (April 9) Palmetto Ranche (May 13): last land battle in Texas (a Confederate victory) CSS Shenandoah (Nov. 5): Confederate commerce raider finally ends in campaign by seeking sanctuary in Great Britain Wilmer McLean’s House Appomattox, Virginia Site of Lee’s surrender to Grant Lecture 14 Why the Union Won Superior Resources With a much greater population, virtually all the industry, and better financial resources than the South, the North was able to recover from its early defeats and ultimately grind down the South Flawed Confederate Approach The South also often failed to take advantage of being on the defense, which would have allowed it conserve its limited resources and stretch out the war Southern public opinion demanded its armies too often fight aggressively, losing a greater amount of men and material Failed Ideologies States Rights ideology kept valuable resources out of the hands of the central government where they might have done more good Racist ideology prevented the South from using African Americans as soldiers, while driving black men to fight for the Union A busy Union supply depot at City Point, Virginia, which kept Grant’s forces well supplied during the 18641865 campaign against Lee