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Transcript
Introduction to Entomology Pesticide Short Course Is it an Insect? Vote “yes” or “no” Do you agree? 1. Yes 2. No Do you agree? 1. Yes 2. No Do you agree? 1. Yes 2. No Do you agree? 1. Yes 2. No Do you agree? 1. Yes 2. No • What is Entomology? The study of insects Pesticide Short Course Introduction to Entomology • Several hundred thousand kinds of insects described • Total number of kinds of insects may approach 30 million Damage caused by Insects: Structural pests Damage caused by Insects: Animal pests Pesticide Short Course Damage caused by insects • Public Health Damage caused by insects: Benefits of insects • • • • • Food Fiber Pest control Decomposition Food web What percent of insects in the landscape are harmful? Less than 5% Introduction to Entomology Classification •Kingdom Animalia •Phylum Arthropoda •Class Insecta (insects) •Class Aracnida (spiders) •Class Crustacea (crabs, sowbugs) •Class Chilopoda (centipedes) •Class Diplopoda (millipedes) Insect Relatives: Crustacea Sowbugs, etc. (Crustaceans) 5-7 pairs of legs 2 body regions 2 pairs of antennae Other Crustaceans: • Crayfish, lobster, crabs, and shrimp Insect Relatives Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) • 14-20 body segments • 1 pair of legs/segment • Millipedes (Class Diplopoda) • Many body segments (@50) • 2 pairs of legs/segment Class Arachnida - Spiders, Ticks, Scorpions, Mites • Eight legs • Two body regions: – Cephalothorax – Abdomen • No antennae Arachnid Subclasses Opiliones: “Daddy long-legs” Araneae: True spiders Scorpiones: Scorpions Acari: Mites and Ticks Insect Orders/Common Names Order Name Common Name Coleoptera Beetles Diptera Flies Hemiptera Bugs (aphids, scale, cicadas, stink bugs, etc) Lepidoptera Butterflies, moths Hymenoptera Bees, wasps, ants, sawflies Odonata Dragonflies, damselflies Ephemeroptera Mayflies What makes it an insect? Adults have: • Three distinct body regions – Head, thorax, abdomen • Two antennae • Three pairs of jointed legs – Six legs! Parts of an Adult Insect Wings Antennae Diagram: North Dakota State University Legs • Three pairs • Six segments per leg • Many adaptations – – – – – Running Digging Jumping Swimming Catching prey Photo: N. Bosold, PSU Chewing Mouthparts Photo: N. Bosold, PSU Sucking Mouthparts True Bug Diagram: salk.edu Mosquito Diagram: USDA-ARSGMPRC web site Exterior Insect Anatomy-Mouthparts Sucking Mouthparts Piercing Sucking Mouthparts Photo: Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality Exterior Insect Anatomy-Mouthparts Siphoning Mouthparts Sponging Mouthparts Diagram: USDA-ARS-GMPRC web site Wings • Not always present • Useful in ID – Number present – Vein patterns – Color, etc. • Protection • Camouflage Diagram: Rutgers University Wings Fly: 1 pair Photo: Oregon State University Wasp: 2 pair Photo: N. Bosold, PSU Wings Hemiptera - hemelytron Photo: omafra.gov.on.ca Coleoptera - elytron Photo: Iowa State Antennae • Insects have one pair • Between and in front of eyes • Sensory – Touch – Smell – Hearing Photo: N. Bosold, PSU Interior Anatomy Digestive System Nervous System Respiratory System Reproductive Mechanisms Insect Life Cycles • Metamorphosis means “change” • No metamorphosis • Gradual metamorphosis – Eggs, young look similar to adults (nymphs), grow into adults • Complete metamorphosis – Eggs, larvae not similar to adult, pupa, adult Why is important to understand pest lifecycles? • Not all stages cause damage or warrant control • Stages vary in their susceptibility to control strategies • Not all stages look alike • Not all stages can be found at the same time Insect growth: Molting Photo: N. Bosold, PSU Reproduction • Sexual reproduction – Males produce and deliver sperm – Females receive and store sperm – Females produce and lay eggs Asexual Reproduction • Parthenogenesis – Adults give birth to young without mating – Aphids, bees, parasitoid wasps Metamorphosis • Change in form during development • Two general types – Gradual • External wing development • No pupal stage – Complete • Internal wing development • Pupal stage Gradual Metamorphosis Pesticide Short Course Complete Metamorphosis Pesticide Short Course HOW DO WE RECOGNIZE INSECT DAMAGE? Symptoms • Plant’s reaction to pest infestation Symptoms • Chewed foliage or blossoms • Discolored leaves – Bleached, bronzed, silvered, stippled, streaked • Leaf Mining • Distorted Leaves • Dieback of twigs, shoots, or entire plant Signs • Presence of insect, or insectrelated products on plants Signs • • • • • • • Honeydew and Sooty Mold Fecal specks on leaves Tents, webs, and silken mats Bags and cases Spittle Cottony fibrous material Pitch or gum masses, sap flow Insect Management and IPM • • • • • Identification Monitoring Establishment of Thresholds Developing management strategy Evaluation of results Proper Insect Collection and Preservation Begins with proper pinning techniques Insect management strategies • • • • • • Biological Cultural Genetic Mechanical Physical Chemical • And combinations of these! Insecticides • Contact • Systemic • Modes of action Introduction to Entomology Concern about using pesticides! •Pesticide products control only certain pests •Safeguarding the environment •Conserving beneficial arthropods •Possible legal implications •Possible resistance problems Conclusion to An Introduction to Entomology Thank-you, Good luck on your exam!
