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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community Ninth Edition College Human Anatomy & Physiology CHAPTER 19 The Cardiovascular System: Modified by Dr. Par Mohammadian © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Vessels – Arteries: carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation Capillaries: site of exchange; contact Artery tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs – Veins: carry blood toward heart Vein Structure of Blood Vessel Walls • Lumen – Central blood-containing space • Three wall layers in arteries and veins – tunica intima (internal) – tunica media – tunica externa • Capillaries – Endothelium with sparse basal lamina © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1b Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Tunica intima • Endothelium • Subendothelial layer • Internal elastic membrane Tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic fibers) • External elastic membrane Valve Tunica externa (collagen fibers) • Vasa vasorum Lumen Lumen Artery Capillary network Vein Basement membrane Endothelial cells Capillary © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tunics • Tunica intima – Endothelium lines lumen of all vessels • Tunica media – Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin – Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels: Influence blood flow and blood pressure • Tunica externa – Collagen fibers protect & reinforce; anchor to surrounding structures – Contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels – Vasa vasorum of larger vessels nourishes external layer • Types of Arteries (depending on size & shape): – Elastic – Muscular – Arterioles Arterial System: Elastic Arteries • Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics • Aorta and its major branches • Large lumen offers low resistance • Act as pressure reservoirs—expand and recoil as blood ejected from heart – Smooth pressure downstream Arterial System: Muscular Arteries • Distal to elastic arteries – Deliver blood to body organs • Thick tunica media with more smooth muscle • Active in vasoconstriction Arterial System: Arterioles • Smallest arteries • Lead to capillary beds • Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles (influenced by hormones and other chemicals) Capillaries • Microscopic blood vessels • Walls of thin tunica intima • Pericytes help stabilize their walls and control permeability • Diameter allows only single RBC to pass at a time Capillaries • In all tissues except for cartilage & epithelia (receive nutrients from nearby blood vessels), cornea & lens of eye (receive nutrients from aqueous humor) • Provide direct access to almost every cell • Functions – Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid • Three structural types • Continuous capillaries • Fenestrated capillaries • Sinusoid capillaries (sinusoids) Continuous Capillaries • – Tight junctions connect endothelial cells – Intercellular clefts allow passage of limited passage of fluids and small solutes Continuous capillaries of brain unique – Tight junctions complete, forming blood brain barrier Continuous capillary. Least permeable, and most common (e.g., skin, muscle). Pericyte Red blood cell in lumen Intercellular cleft Endothelial cell Basement membrane Tight junction Endothelial nucleus Pinocytotic vesicles Fenestrated Capillaries • • • Some endothelial cells contain pores (fenestrations) More permeable than continuous capillaries Function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys) Pinocytotic vesicles Red blood cell in lumen Fenestrations (pores) Endothelial nucleus Intercellular cleft Basement membrane Tight junction Fenestrated capillary. Large fenestrations (pores) increase permeability. Occurs in areas of active absorption or filtration (e.g., kidney, small intestine). Endothelial cell Sinusoid Capillaries • • • • Fewer tight junctions; usually fenestrated; larger intercellular clefts; large lumens Large molecules and blood cells pass between blood and surrounding tissues Found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla In the liver, hepatic macrophages in lining to destroy bacteria Endothelial cell Red blood cell in lumen Large intercellular cleft Tight junction Incomplete basement membrane Sinusoid capillary. Most permeable. Occurs in special locations (e.g., liver, bone marrow, spleen). Nucleus of endothelial cell Capillary Beds • Def.: Interwoven networks of capillaries – blood flows thru arterioles-> venules (microcirculation) Capillary Beds: Two Types of Vessels • Vascular shunt (metarteriole—thoroughfare channel) – Directly connects terminal arteriole and postcapillary venule • True capillaries – 10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed – Branch off metarteriole or terminal arteriole Blood Flow Through Capillary Beds Precapillary sphincters • True capillaries normally branch from metarteriole and return to thoroughfare channel • Precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow into true capillaries – Blood may go into true capillaries or to shunt • Regulated by local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves • Example: Eating and relaxing – blood flow in the digestive system; abdominal cramps and indigestion when running and eating!!! Vascular shunt Metarteriole Thoroughfare channel True capillaries Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Sphincters open—blood flows through true capillaries. Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Sphincters closed—blood flows through metarteriole – thoroughfare channel and bypasses true capillaries. Venous System: Venules • Formed when capillary beds unite – Smallest postcapillary venules: very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues – Consist of endothelium and a few pericytes • Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells Veins • Venules join to form veins • Have thinner walls, larger lumens compared with corresponding arteries • Thin tunica media; thick tunica externa of collagen fibers and elastic networks • Called capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs); contain up to 65% of blood supply • Blood pressure lower than in arteries (walls don’t burst!) => • Adaptations ensure return of blood to heart despite low pressure – Large-diameter lumens offer little resistance – Venous valves prevent backflow of blood • Most abundant in veins of limbs – Venous sinuses: flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g., coronary sinus of the heart & dural sinuses of the brain) Varicose vein Circulatory Pathways: Blood Vessels of the Body • Two main circulations – Pulmonary circulation: short loop that runs from heart to lungs and back to heart – Systemic circulation: long loop to all parts of body and back to heart Figure 19.19a Pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary capillaries of the R. lung R. pulmonary artery Pulmonary capillaries of the L. lung L. pulmonary artery To systemic circulation Pulmonary trunk R. pulmonary veins From systemic circulation LA RA L. pulmonary veins RV © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart. LV Figure 19.19 Pulmonary circulation. RV LV Left pulmonary artery Air-filled alveolus of lung Aortic arch Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary artery Three lobar arteries to right lung Pulmonary capillary Gas exchange Two lobar arteries to left lung Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Illustration. The pulmonary arterial system is shown in blue to indicate that the blood it carries is oxygen-poor. The pulmonary venous drainage is shown in red to indicate that the blood it transports is oxygen-rich. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.20 Schematic flowchart showing an overview of the systemic circulation. Common carotid arteries to head and subclavian arteries to upper limbs Capillary beds of head and upper limbs Superior vena cava Aortic arch Aorta RA LA RV LV Azygos system Venous drainage Inferior vena cava Thoracic aorta Arterial blood Capillary beds of mediastinal structures and thorax walls Diaphragm Abdominal aorta Inferior vena cava Capillary beds of digestive viscera, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Capillary beds of gonads, pelvis, and lower limbs Figure 19.21a Major arteries of the systemic circulation. R. internal R. external L. external L. internal carotid artery carotid artery carotid artery carotid artery R. vertebral R. axillary R. common carotid L. common carotid L. vertebral – right side of head and neck – left side of head and neck R. subclavian – neck and R. upper limb Brachiocephalic – head, neck, and R. upper limb Arteries of R. upper limb Aortic arch L. subclavian – neck and L. upper limb L. axillary Arteries of L. upper limb Ascending aorta – L. ventricle to sternal angle Thoracic aorta T5–T12 (diaphragm) L. and R. coronary arteries L. ventricle of heart Visceral branches Mediastinal Esophageal – posterior – esophagus mediastinum Bronchial – lungs and bronchi Parietal branches Pericardial – pericardium Posterior intercostals Superior phrenics – intercostal muscles, spinal – posterior and superior cord, vertebrae, pleurae, skin diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal aorta T12 (diaphragm)–L4 Visceral branches Gonadal – testes or ovaries Suprarenal – adrenal glands and Renal – kidneys Superior and inferior mesenterics – small intestine – colon Celiac trunk – liver – gallbladder – spleen – stomach – esophagus – duodenum R. common iliac – pelvis and R. lower limb Arteries of R. lower limb Parietal branches Lumbars Median sacral Inferior phrenics – sacrum – inferior diaphragm – posterior abdominal – coccyx wall L. common iliac – pelvis and L. lower limb Arteries of L. lower limb Major arteries of the systemic circulation. Aorta Ascending artery Left coronary artery Aortic Arch Right coronary artery brachiocephalic Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Left & right common iliac arteries Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Figure 19.21b Major arteries of the systemic circulation. Arteries of the head and trunk Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common carotid arteries Vertebral artery Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic artery Arteries that supply the upper limb Subclavian artery Axillary artery Brachial artery Aortic arch Ascending aorta Coronary artery Celiac trunk Abdominal aorta Superior mesenteric artery Renal artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries Arteries that supply the lower limb Gonadal artery External iliac artery Inferior mesenteric artery Femoral artery Common iliac artery Popliteal artery Internal iliac artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Illustration, anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Arcuate artery Figure 19.22a Arteries of the head, neck, and brain. R. and L. anterior cerebral arteries R. Middle cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery Cerebral arterial circle R. and L. Posterior communicating arteries Ophthalmic artery Superficial temporal artery R. posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery R. and L. Maxillary artery vertebral arteries Occipital artery R. and L. Facial artery internal carotid arteries Lingual artery R. and L. Superior thyroid artery external carotid arteries R. and L. common carotid arteries R. and L. subclavian arteries Brachiocephalic trunk Aortic arch © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart Figure 19.22b Arteries of the head, neck, and brain. Ophthalmic artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common carotid artery Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk Subclavian artery Axillary artery Arteries of the head and neck, right aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Branches of the external carotid artery • Superficial temporal artery • Maxillary artery • Occipital artery • Facial artery • Lingual artery • Superior thyroid artery Larynx Thyroid gland (overlying trachea) Clavicle (cut) Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery Figure 19.22c Arteries of the head, neck, and brain. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Colorized arteriograph of the arterial supply of the brain Figure 19.22d Arteries of the head, neck, and brain. Anterior Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) Frontal lobe Optic chiasma • Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery • Anterior cerebral artery Internal carotid artery • Posterior communicating artery Mammillary body • Posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery Temporal lobe Vertebral artery Pons Occipital lobe Cerebellum Posterior Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed) Figure 19.23a Arteries of the right upper limb and thorax. R. common carotid artery R. vertebral artery L. common carotid artery Thyrocervical trunk L. vertebral artery L. subclavian artery Suprascapular artery R. subclavian artery. Axillary artery Thoracoacromial artery Thoracoacromial artery (pectoral branch) Aortic arch Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries Brachial artery Deep artery of arm Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery Anterior intercostal arteries Lateral thoracic artery Subscapular artery Anastomosis Common interosseus artery Radial Ulnar artery artery Deep palmar arch Metacarpal arteries Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Schematic flowchart Costocervical trunk Thoracic aorta Posterior intercostal arteries Figure 19.23b Arteries of the right upper limb and thorax. Vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk Suprascapular artery Thoracoacromial artery Axillary artery Subscapular artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Common carotid arteries Right subclavian artery Left subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk Posterior intercostal arteries Anterior intercostal artery Internal thoracic artery Brachial artery Deep artery of arm Lateral thoracic artery Thoracic aorta Common interosseous artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries Illustration, anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.24a Arteries of the abdomen. Diaphragm Abdominal aorta Inferior phrenic arteries L. gastric artery R. gastric artery Common hepatic artery Hepatic artery proper L Splenic artery Gastroduodenal artery R Celiac trunk R. gastroepiploic artery Middle suprarenal arteries L. gastroepiploic artery Intestinal arteries Middle colic artery Superior mesenteric artery R. colic artery Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Ileocolic artery Sigmoidal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Lumbar arteries L. colic artery Superior rectal artery Median sacral artery Common iliac arteries Schematic flowchart. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.24b Arteries of the abdomen. Liver (cut) Inferior vena cava Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Hepatic artery proper Gastroduodenal artery Right gastric artery Diaphragm Esophagus Left gastric artery Stomach Splenic artery Left gastroepiploic artery Spleen Gallbladder Pancreas (major portion lies posterior to stomach) Right gastroepiploic artery Duodenum Abdominal aorta Superior mesenteric artery The celiac trunk and its major branches. The left half of the liver has been removed. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.24c Arteries of the abdomen. Hiatus (opening) for inferior vena cava Hiatus (opening) for esophagus Diaphragm Inferior phrenic artery Adrenal (suprarenal) gland Middle suprarenal artery Celiac trunk Renal artery Kidney Superior mesenteric artery Abdominal aorta Lumbar arteries Ureter Median sacral artery Major branches of the abdominal aorta. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery Inferior mesenteric artery Common iliac artery Figure 19.24d Arteries of the abdomen. Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Branches of the superior mesenteric artery • Middle colic artery • Intestinal arteries • Right colic artery • Ileocolic artery Ascending colon Right common iliac artery Ileum Transverse colon Aorta Inferior mesenteric artery Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery • Left colic artery • Sigmoidal arteries • Superior rectal artery Descending colon Cecum Appendix Distribution of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The transverse colon has been pulled superiorly. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sigmoid colon Rectum Figure 19.25a Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb. Abdominal aorta Superior gluteal artery Internal iliac artery Inferior gluteal artery Internal pudendal Common iliac artery Obturator artery Deep artery of thigh Medial circumflex femoral artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery External iliac artery Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Arterial anastomosis Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery Dorsalis pedis artery Lateral plantar artery Lateral plantar artery Medial plantar artery Arcuate artery Plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal arteries Schematic flowchart © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Plantar metatarsal arteries Figure 19.25b Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb. Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Superior gluteal artery External iliac artery Deep artery of thigh Lateral circumflex femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Obturator artery Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery Dorsalis pedis artery Arcuate artery Dorsal metatarsal arteries Anterior view Figure 19.26b Major veins of the systemic circulation. Veins of the head and trunk Dural venous sinuses External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Right and left brachiocephalic veins Superior vena cava Great cardiac vein Hepatic veins Splenic vein Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein Inferior vena cava Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein Veins that drain the upper limb Subclavian vein Axillary vein Cephalic vein Brachial vein Basilic vein Median cubital vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Digital veins Veins that drain the lower limb External iliac vein Femoral vein Great saphenous vein (longest vein; issue from dorsal venous arch) Popliteal vein Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Small saphenous vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Illustration, anterior view. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are not shown. Figure 19.27b Venous drainage of the head, neck, and brain. Ophthalmic vein Superficial temporal vein Facial vein Occipital vein Posterior auricular vein External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Superior and middle thyroid veins Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Superior vena cava Veins of the head and neck, right superficial aspect Brachiocephalic veins Right subclavian vein Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Left subclavian vein Axillary vein Brachial vein Superior vena cava Azygos vein Accessory hemiazygos vein Hemiazygos vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein Posterior intercostals Inferior vena cava Ascending lumbar vein Median cubital vein Median antebrachial vein Cephalic vein Radial vein Anterior view Basilic vein Ulnar vein Deep venous palmar arch Superficial venous palmar arch Digital veins Figure 19.28b Veins of the thorax and right upper limb. Figure 19.29b Veins of the abdomen. Hepatic veins Inferior phrenic vein Inferior vena cava Right suprarenal vein Left suprarenal vein Renal veins Right gonadal vein External iliac vein Left ascending lumbar vein Lumbar veins Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein Tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Venous drainage of abdominal organs not drained by the hepatic portal vein. Figure 19.29c Veins of the abdomen. Hepatic veins Liver Hepatic portal vein Gastric veins Spleen Inferior vena cava Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum The hepatic portal circulation. Figure 19.30b Veins of the right lower limb. Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Inguinal ligament Femoral vein Great saphenous vein (superficial) Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Fibular vein Anterior tibial vein Dorsalis pedis vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Anterior view
