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World War II Outcome: Causes of World War II The treaty of Versailles along with the economic depression contributed to the rise of antidemocratic governments in Europe & Asia. Causes of World War II Underlying Causes of World War II a. Nationalism (Review from WWI): Extreme pride in one’s nationality or country Imperialism (Review from WWI): Taking of land/property c. Militarism (Review from WWI): Building weapons or a strong military b. The rise of Dictators Underlying Causes of World War II d. Fascism: a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition Causes of World War II Totalitarian Dictatorships: Leaders who control all aspects of society i. Each dictator took advantage of economic problems by: 1. Promising simple solutions to their nation’s problems 2. Rebuilding national pride (often using propaganda) 3. Providing scapegoats (targets for anger & blame) 4. Absorbing power, taking away individual rights, and crushing opposition (1 party; 1 ruler) Benito Mussolini of Italy One of Europe’s first Dictators. He founded Italy’s Fascist movement. Causes of World War II Fascism was strongly anti-communist. Mussolini exploited these fears by portraying fascism as a bulwark against communism. Fascist Italy a. Dictator: Benito Mussolini (Il Duce = The Leader) b. Goals: i. Nationalism: 1. Wished to rebuild the ancient Holy Roman Empire ii. Imperialism: 1. Felt betrayed by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles Conference due to a promise of land for joining the Allies that was not kept 2. Wanted to control lands around the Mediterranean Sea; 3. “Mare Nostrum” = Our Sea iii. Militarism: 1. Formed the Rome-Berlin Axis (alliance) with Germany in 1936 Joseph Stalin in The Soviet Union After the Russian Revolution, the communist party led by Vladimir Lenin created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics In 1922. After Lenin died in 1924 Stalin came to power. Soviet Union Stalin sought to expand Soviet influence beyond its boarders. His quote: “World dictatorship can be established only when the Victory of socialism has been achieved in certain countries or groups of countries that will grow into a World Union of Soviet Socialist Republics uniting the whole of mankind”. Stalin tolerated no opposition. He targeted political enemies and anyone he deemed to be an enemy of the state. He created concentration camps to use prisoners as labor. Over 20 million people died under Stalin’s rule. Adolf Hitler in Germany Causes of World War II Fascist Germany Dictator: Adolf Hitler (Der Fuhrer or The leader) a. i. Nazism is German Fascism Goals: b. i. Nationalism: 1. Wanted to rebuild Germany 2. Preached Vengeance against (4 hates) a. Democracies (a weak & undisciplined form of gov’t) b. Communism (a threat to Nazi growth) c. November Criminals who signed the WWI Armistice d. Jews (the source of all evil & problems in Germany) Causes of World War II Fascist Germany ii. Imperialism: 1. A desire to unite all people of German ancestry (Blood & language) 2. “Lebensraum” (a desire for more living space) needed to build his empire he called The Third Reich iii. Militarism: 1. Defied the Treaty of Versailles & rebuild the army 2. Created the “Nazi War Machine” 3. Built #1 military in the world Japan Hideki Tojo & Emperor Hirohito Causes of World War II Japan Dictators: a. i. Hideki Tojo: Military Leader & Prime Minister ii. Emperor Hirohito: Political & Spiritual figurehead Goals b. i. Nationalism: 1. Japan wanted to be #1 in Asia 2. Goal: Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere: name for power in Asia ii. Imperialism: 1. To be #1 in Asia, they needed oil and raw materials 2. Wanted China’s land (and others) to obtain oil and raw materials iii. Militarism: 1. Built up the strongest military regime in Asia 2. Soldier’s motto: “Death before Dishonor” Francisco Franco of Spain Causes of World War II Other causes Spain: Franco’s fascists won the Spanish Civil War b. Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin took control of the communist nation a. Germany, Italy, & Japan became known as the Axis Powers once the war began. AKA the Bad Guys! Causes of World War II e. Poor Decisions were made by the powerful democracies France & Great Britain adopted a policy of appeasement ii. The League of Nations would prove ineffective; lacked a military i. iii. U.S.: Isolationism & Depression kept our focus on U.S. concerns; once aggression began we claimed to be neutral Causes of World War II Equation: Nationalism + Imperialism + Militarism = Aggression Extreme Aggression = War! Rebuilding the German Military • Hitler controlled German government by 1933 • Secretly rebuilt military • Unchallenged—openly stated plan to re-arm Germany • Claimed resisting spread of communism—but empire building Militarizing the Rhineland • Direct action in 1936 • Armed force sent to the Rhineland • French and British complained; no direct action taken • German troops remained; Hitler grew bolder Annexing Austria Aggressive moves • Europeans eager to avoid war • Hitler plotted his moves • Target-Austria • German-speaking country • Hitler’s birthplace • Nazi supporters in Austria Hitler’s demands • Hitler demanded Austrian officials accept annexation (Anschluss) • Initial Austrian resistance • Britain and France did nothing • March 1938-unopposed German forces take over Austria Threats to Czechoslovakia Another German-speaking population • Sudetenland eager to be a part of Germany • Hitler threatened the Czech government • Czechs prepared for war Avoiding conflict • September 1938—meeting in Munich • Chamberlain (British) and Daladier (French) agreed not to block Hitler • Czechs had no support Policy of appeasement • Appeasement—giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war • Winston Churchill opposed the policy • “Peace for our time” according to Chamberlain Alliances and Civil War Hitler builds alliances with other totalitarian governments. The Axis forms Spanish Civil War • Military force to achieve goals • Political conflict begins in 1936 • Anti-Comintern Pact • Italy and Germany support fascist Nationalists – Germany and Japan – Prevent spread of communism – Oppose USSR • Italy joins Axis Powers later • Military alliance • Pledge aid in event of war • Soviet Union supports Republicans • Nationalists win after years of fighting – Francisco Franco – Fascist dictator A Secret Deal with Stalin Germany and Soviet Union on opposing sides in Spanish Civil War No direct conflict Axis Powers united against Soviet Union Soviet leader Joseph Stalin threatened by German expansion France and Britain discuss possible alliance with Soviet Union Stalin did not trust British or French In secret negotiations with Germans German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Each side agreed not to attack the other; allowed further German aggression in Europe Secret section divided up territory in Eastern Europe News shocked British and French; Hitler definitely on the march The War Begins September 1, 1939 Devastating effects • Germany attacked Poland • Polish air force destroyed • World War II begins • Soldiers fought; no match for German forces • Blitzkrieg or “lightning war” • No natural barriers in the way Support for Poland • Britain and France declared war on Germany German troops in position • On Germany’s western border • Allies gave no real help • Hitler eager for assault on France • Poland fell into German hands • Plans for invasion made 1940–1941 Attack on France • Denmark and Norway captured; the Netherlands and Belgium followed • Tank attack through Ardennes; overwhelmed light resistance there • Heroic Dunkirk rescue; France surrendered in June 1940 Battle for Britain • Great Britain stood alone against German war machine; Churchill now leader • Radar technology secret weapon for air defense • British stood firm during Battle of Britain; Hitler called off invasion plans Occupied France Invasion of the Soviet Union •June 1941, Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union had initial successes •Major goals of Leningrad and Moscow not reached before harsh Soviet winter •Soviet armies had time to rebuild and would fight back United States The rise of dictatorships and militarism in Europe had Americans worried. The sacrifices during WW1 seemed pointless because of the new fighting. During the Depression most European nations would not repay their loans. In response to German and Italian aggression Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935. The act made it illegal to sell arms to any country at war. American Neutrality Domestic: U.S. in midst of Great Depression, public intent on remaining neutral 1935: First Neutrality Act (no sale of arms to belligerent nations) 1937: Arm sales only on “cash and carry” basis FDR warns of impending problems President Roosevelt Japanese Expansion Sought total control of Pacific (resources) 1931- military occupation of Manchuria 1936- Japan signs Pact with Germany, Italy Nanking MassacreDecember 1937 Japan Attacks Japan’s alliance with Germany was seen as a sign of a war plan. Japan sent forces to Indochina to secure necessary resources of oil and rubber. Hideki Tojo held peace talks with the U.S. but planned for war. Pearl Harbor • Surprise attack on U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet • December 7, 1941 • Fighters and bombers launched from carriers • Raid a success Two-hour attack • Major destruction • Heavy casualties – 2,400 dead – 200 planes gone – Eight battleships sunk • Three carriers survived Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Japan was working on expanding empire throughout the Pacific The U.S. had a trade embargo on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading countries U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret codes Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack. Pearl Harbor Continued Japan viewed as a stunning victory December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war on Japan December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. American Isolationism • Attack had profound effect • Ended desire to stay out of Europe’s war • War declared on Japan • Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. • Allies vs. Axis The American Home Front The American People were asked by the government to ration everything. The government also sold bonds or borrowed money from its own people to help with the war. They needed the money because they needed to help the Allies as well as themselves. The U.S. was also not a very rich country and desperately needed money. The Goal was to help allies while the U.S. prepared. American Home Front • U.S. entered war two months later • Enormous task of mobilization; men and women volunteered for service • Factories converted; “victory gardens” planted; scrap drives and recycling to collect materials • Some negative effects of patriotism • Japanese Americans placed in internment camps during the war The American Home Front In the U.S., Americans were scared and were afraid that Japan was targeting California (LA, San Francisco,), Washington and Oregon. In preparation they passed: Executive Order 9066 Tanks and soldiers were also sent to watch and protect the coasts. Artillery was prepared and smaller ships were patrolling. In reality, the U.S. could do little to defend itself at this time. Japanese Internment Notice The American Home Front Off the coast of Florida, New York (the East coast), Germany was sinking our merchant ships with its submarines. Germany believed that the U.S. was assisting G. Britain and France. In the west, the U.S. was losing battles in Asia. We had lost the Philippines as well as several of our smaller island territories. Australia and India were under attack and it looked like China would fall soon to Japan. It did not look good for America or the Allies. The American Home Front The American military was not prepared for an all out war. Remember it only had 300,000 men. About the same size as Denmark’s. The U.S. calls on American men to enlist. The American people respond. In fact the Government is overwhelmed by the number that decide to join. Patriotism sweeps the country. U.S. Military 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Pre-Attack After The American Home Front Government started Total War. American Industry had to go from peace time production to war time production(which takes a lot of time). GM, Ford, and Chrysler went from creating cars to tanks. Boeing from regular airplanes to bombers and fighter jets. Gun makers like Colt, from hunting rifles to machine guns, flamethrowers, war rifles. The American Home Front Ship and Submarine Production 25 20 15 Ships and Subs 10 5 0 Before After With the country in full war mode, the U.S. was producing weapons faster than anybody around thought that it would or could. In one month, the U.S. was able to produce up to 4,000 tanks and 4,500 planes. Ship production also increased dramatically to help protect our coasts. The American Home Front Farms were producing as much food as possible. Meats and cereals were rationed and prepped for the war effort. Much of the food went to Britain and Russia. Both countries had already lost millions of soldiers and citizens because of the war and as a result of starvation. Families turned in all the scrap metal they could as well as oil and gasoline to help. The U.S. accepted help even from children. The American Home Front The war had an 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Women 4 2 0 Before After unintended effect. Women joined the workforce. Before the war, only about 3 million worked in the U.S. Most were housewives and raised families. Since so many men went to war, the U.S. was desperate for workers to produce weapons. So they replaced the men with women. The American Home Front The American Gov’t continued work on secret weapons for WWII. Some were not yet ready. The Manhattan Project was part of this secret program. It was begun in 1941, the day before Dec. 7th attack. The project would ultimately end WWII. American culture during WW2 Culture became much more dependent on mass media after World War II. The television programs were much more powerful than radio. There was also a large impact from movies and music. Magazines, Comic Books started to change pop culture Early American Involvement The Battle of the Atlantic • Control of the ocean important • Food and equipment for England and Soviet Union shipped by sea • Germany relied on U-boats • Inflicted great damage to shipping • U.S. offered military aid • Provided ships and military escorts for British convoys • October 1941—USS Reuben James; first U.S. Navy ship sunk by Germany German U-Boat Winning the Atlantic With U.S. officially at war, German U-boats in American waters Tried to destroy American merchant ships Hundreds of ships lost to German subs After 1943, Allies able to fight back more effectively Allied factories at full production Large numbers of ships and planes More firepower helped locate and destroy U-boats Key German code system broken Losses dropped sharply Vital supply line to Great Britain and Soviet Union kept open Atlantic belonged to Allies War in North Africa and Italy Italian and British forces battled for control of North Africa. The Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East were essential to the British war effort. After Italian forces failed against the British, Hitler was forced to send German troops to support the Italians. Back-and-forth fighting • • • • • Afrika Korps led by Erwin Rommel Pushed British back into Egypt Traded blows for two years 1942—Battle of El Alamein British victory under Gen. Bernard Montgomery • Axis power lessened in North Africa Americans join the battle • • • • Soviets wanted European front Invasion of western North Africa Dwight D. Eisenhower led troops Rommel caught between forces in east and west • Supply problems worsened • May 1943—surrendered to Allies Nearly 250,000 Axis soldiers taken prisoner; with surrender, all of North Africa in Allied hands Fighting in Italy Next Allied goal: Italy itself July 1943, Allied soldiers landed on the island of Sicily Weak Italian resistance Benito Mussolini forced from power Allies capture Sicily Made plans to invade the Italian mainland Hitler tried to protect against the Allied march through Italy September 1943 Allies move into southern Italy Strong German resistance as troops moved north Bloody fighting continued for months