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Energy Unit Class Notes Energy – the ability to do work (joules) - kinetic and potential Types of Energy 1. Mechanical – the energy of movement or position (KE + PE) - sound is an example of mechanical energy 2. Thermal (heat) energy – total energy of the moving molecules within a substance Temperature – the average kinetic energy of the atoms of a substance Heat – the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures (high concentration to low concentration) 3. Chemical energy – energy stored in the chemical bonds of a fuel Energy is released when the chemical bonds are broken during a chemical reaction Examples: fossil fuels, food, match 4. Electricity – the energy of moving electrical charges (electrons) Example – lightning 5. Electromagnetic energy – energy that travels in waves and has some electrical properties and some magnetic properties Examples: visible light, ultraviolet rays, radiowaves 6. Nuclear energy – energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Fission – nucleus splits releasing energy (uranium in nuclear power plants) Fusion – hydrogen nuclei join together to form helium on the sun Energy Conversion – a change of one form of energy to another Fossil Fuel: a material that stores chemical potential energy The material is ancient plant/animal remains The original energy is from the sun gained through the process of photosynthesis Nuclear energy → Electromagnetic energy (light) → Chemical energy Examples: coal, petroleum (oil), natural gas Combustion: the burning of fuel that converts chemical energy to thermal energy Temperature scales: temperature kelvin degree Celsius degree Fahrenheit symbol K boiling point of water 373.15 °C °F 100. 212. melting point of ice 273.15 0. 32. absolute zero 0. -273.15 -459.67 Methods of Transferring Heat 1. Conduction – movement of heat from one particle of matter to another by direct contact Metals – good conductors of heat Wood, plastic, cloth – poor conductors of heat 2. Convection – heat transfer by the circulation of fluid currents (liquid and gas) Molecules in warm air/water move around more, expand, become less dense and rise (float) Molecules in clod air/water are denser (more packed) and sink 3. Radiation – transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (infrared) Can be through matter or through space (no matter) The Sun’s heat reaches us by radiation through space Insulation – a substance that slows down or prevents the transfer of thermal energy calorie – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1ºC 1 Calorie = 1000 calories Calorimeter – measures the amount of heat transferred when a substance burns