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Chapter 13
The Renaissance and
Reformation
1300-1650
Chapter 13, Section 1
The Renaissance in Italy
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a time of creativity
and great change in many areas:
– Political
– Social
– Economic
– Cultural
The Renaissance marked a slow shift from an
agricultural society to an urban society
New Worldwide View
Renaissance thinkers had brought back
ideas and interest from the classical
learning of Greece and Rome
– Latin was the language used within the
Church
Renaissance thinkers explored the
varieties of human experiences in the
present (today)
New Ideas
Spirit of Adventure
– Renaissance led people to explore new
worlds and ideas through curiosity
– Navigators sailed across the ocean
– Writers and artists used new forms of art
Expressing Humanism
– Humanists studied the classical culture of
Greeks and Romans
This study was used to increase knowledge of the
present times
Italy: Center of Renaissance
The Renaissance started in Italy
– Spread to the rest of Europe within 100 years
Eventually transformed the entire Western
World
Italy’s location on the Med. Sea
encouraged trade with the Muslim world
– Banking, manufacturing, and merchant
networks developed to support trade
Italy: Center of Ren.
Trade provided the wealth that fueled
Italy’s Renaissance
– Trade routes carried IDEAS as well as goods
that shaped this time period
Muslim scholars had preserved and
developed the knowledge from ancient
Greece and Rome
– Contact through trade gave Italy access to the
Muslim’s wealth of knowledge
Italian City-States
Italy was divided into many small citystates
– Each city-state was controlled by a powerful
merchant family
Merchant families exerted both political
and economic power
– The Medici family of Florence ranked among
the richest merchants and bankers
Florence
Controlled by the Medici family
Florence was transformed by Cosimo de’
Medici and his grandson Lorenzo
– Lorenzo was known as “the Magnificent”
– He supported the arts very generously
Florence came to symbolize the energy
and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance
Renaissance Art Flourishes
The Renaissance attained its most
glorious expression in its paintings,
sculpture and architecture
Wealthy patrons, popes, and princes
played a major role in the flourishing of art
– Ordinary people also played a role because
they began to appreciate art
Renaissance Art
Humanist Thought
– Ren. Art portrayed religious themes
– Artists studied ancient Greek and Roman
works and revived their classical forms of art
New Techniques
– Perspective allowed artists to create realistic
art
making objects smaller than those close to the
viewer made paintings appear 3D
Architecture
Architecture of the Ren. was often called a
“Social Art”
– Blending beauty with utility and improvement
of society
Columns, arches, and domes were
developed as in ancient Greece and Rome
– Filippo Brunelleschi created a majestic dome
modeled after the Pantheon in Rome
Leonardo da Vinci
1452 – 1519…had endless curiosity which
led to genius inventions
Painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper
 wonderful paintings depicting realism
Leonardo thought of himself mainly as a
painter but he was much more
– He made accomplishments in anatomy,
music, architecture, engineering, etc.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1475 – 1564…had many talents
He was a sculptor, engineer, architect,
painter, and poet
– His work reflected many life-long spiritual and
artistic struggles
He created a series of murals that
decorated the ceiling of Sistine Chapel in
Rome – one of his greatest achievements
Raphael
1483 – 1520…studied the work of the
great masters but developed his own style
Best known for his portrayals of Madonna
 mother of Jesus
School of Athens  painting that showed
great thinkers of Greece all working
together
– Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Writing for a New Society
Italian writers reflected the humanist ideas
of the Renaissance
– Philosophy and scholarship were two areas
that writers focused upon
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a guide for
rulers on how to gain and control power
– Also wrote “The Prince”, which looked at real
rulers in an age of ruthless power politics
Chapter 13, Section 2
The Renaissance in the North
The Printing Revolution
1455  Johann Gutenberg invents the
printing press with movable typing
– He printed the first complete edition of the
Bible using his printing press
Before the printing press there were only a
few thousand books in all of Europe
– By 1500  there were 15-20 million books
produced using the printing press
The Printing Revolution
Immense changes were evident because
of the printing press
– Books were cheaper
– Easier to produce
– More people learned to read (books are more
readily available)
– Also exposed already educated people to
other places and ideas
Northern Renaissance Artists
Renaissance in the north began in
Flanders and spread to Spain, France,
Germany and Italy
“Flemish” painters such as Jan van Eyck,
Pieter Bruegel and Peter Paul Rubens
addressed religious and classical themes
– Also depicted realism in the human form and
in daily life
Northern Humanists and Writers
Humanist writers in the north stressed
education and classical learning, hoping to
bring about religious and moral reform
– Some writers began using vernacular
A Dutch priest named Erasmus was one
of the most important scholars of the time
– Used his knowledge of language to produce a
new Greek edition of the Bible
Northern Humanists
Thomas More  pushed for social reform
– Wrote Utopia…describing an ideal society which
men and women live in peace and harmony
William Shakespeare  between 15901613 he wrote 37 plays…some are still
performed today
– His work explores Ren. ideals such as complexity
of the individual and also the classics
– “Shakespeare was not for an age, but for all time”
Review
1)
Who was the painter who decorated the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel?
A
B
C
D
2)
Mr. Herthum
Michelangelo
Shakespeare
Leonardo da Vinci
Why was the printing press such a valuable invention?
A
B
C
D
It made it easier to print the Observer Dispatch
It allowed more people to read the New York Times
It made books readily available making it easier for
more people to read
It had no affect at all
Chapter 13, Section 3
The Protestant Reformation
Church Abuses Power
Dating back to the Middle Ages, the
Church had been becoming caught up in
world affairs
– Popes competed w/princes for political power
– Popes plotted against monarchs who tried to
take control of the Church
– The Church fought to expand its own interests
– Popes had lived lavish lifestyles from
increased fees for marriages and baptisms
Early Revolts
Many Christians were upset and began
protesting the ways of life w/in the Church
Long before the Protestant Reformation,
John Wycliffe launched an attack against
the Church
– Give sermons calling for change
– After he died, his followers would meet
secretly to keep his ideas alive
Martin Luther
1517  protests against abuses by the
Church were in full effect
The leader of these revolts was a German
monk and Professor named Martin Luther
Luther was growing more and more upset
w/the corruption in the Church
– An event in the town of Wittenberg prompted
Luther to take action
95 Theses (1517)
Pope Johann Tetzel offered indulgences
to any Christian who donated to the
rebuilding of the St. Peter Cathedral
– These indulgences would secure a spot in
heaven
Luther disagreed with this because he felt
poor peasants would not be able to get to
heaven
95 Theses
Luther would then draw up the 95 Theses
These were arguments against
indulgences  lessening of time a soul
would have to spend in purgatory
Luther would argue that
– Indulgences had no place in the Bible
– Pope had no authority to release souls from
purgatory
– Christians could be saved only through faith
Effects of 95 Theses
Almost overnight, copies of Luther’s
document were printed and spread across
Europe
The Church would call on Luther to give
up his views
– Instead, he developed a more radical view
He was urging Christians to reject the
authority of Rome
Effects of 95 Theses
1521  Pope Leo X would
excommunicate Luther
– Later in 1521, emperor Charles V summoned
Luther to the diet (assembly/court in Rome)
At the diet, the emperor ordered Luther to
give up his documents (Luther refused)
Charles V then declared Luther an outlaw
– Making it illegal for anyone to give him food or
shelter (he still had thousands of supporters)
Luther’s Teachings
Wanted ordinary people to be able to read
the Bible
– He translated parts of the Bible in German
Wanted all towns to have a school
– This would allow children to attend school and
study the Bible
He would make several changes to
Christian practice
Luther’s Ideas Spread
His new teaching was first called
“Lutheranism” and then “Protestantism”
– Protested against the papal corruptions
The printing press allowed several
different countries to be able to read his
teachings
– Luther’s reforms were considered answers to
the actions taken by the Church
Peasants’ Revolt
Many peasants started to follow Luther’s
teachings
– They wanted his help for social and economic
change
1524  Peasants’ Revolt began erupting
across Germany
– They called for an end to serfdom and
demanded other changes from their harsh
lives (Luther helped put an end to this revolt)
Switzerland’s Reformation
John Calvin among several other Swiss
reformers started rejecting the teachings
of the Church and followed the reformation
Calvin believed several of Luther’s
teachings but made some of his own
– He taught predestination  idea that God
determined long ago who would gain
salvation
Calvinism
1541  Protestants from Geneva asked
Calvin to lead their community
This city – state seemed like a model
community for Calvinists
– Reformers from all over Europe visited
Geneva and went home to spread ideas
– People in Geneva faced fines or other
punishments for fighting, swearing, dancing or
laughing in Church
Review
1)
In response to corruption within the Church, Martin
Luther published…?
A
B
C
D
2)
95 books
95 stories
95 theses
95 wrongdoings
The idea that God determined long ago who would
gain salvation is known as which of the following?
A
B
C
D
Predestination
Predetermining
Prehistoric
Preliminary
Chapter 13, Section 4
Reformation Ideas Spread
Explosion of Protestant Sects
As the Reformation continued, hundreds
of sects or religious groups sprang up that
had broken away from an est’d Church
Most of these sects were similar to that of
Lutheranism or Calvinism but some were
more radical
– Some sects rejected infant baptisms because
they were too young to understand the
religion
English Reformation
Henry VIII stood firmly against the
Protestant revolt
– Wrote a pamphlet denouncing Martin Luther
Henry and the Church eventually split
because the pope would not annul his
marriage
– He did not have a son and wanted to marry
another woman who could bear him a son
Breaking with the Church
Henry was furious and made Parliament
pass laws to grant him power of the
Church
– Thomas Cranmer was named pope of the
new church – he annulled Henry’s marriage
1534  Parliament passes “Act of
Supremacy” – stated Henry was the
supreme head of the Church of England
– Many Catholics refused this act and were
killed for committing treason
More Conflict
Religious Turmoil
– Henry died in 1547 with only a 9 year old son
(Edward VI) to inherit the throne
– The young boy and advisors took steps to try
and make England a truly Protestant nation
Mary Tudor
– Edward VI died in his early teens and his halfsister Mary Tudor took the throne
– She was determined to bring Catholicism
back to England
Catholic Reformation
1530s – 1540s  Pope Paul III led the
Catholic or Counter Reformation
He wanted to revive the moral authority of
the Church and minimize Protestantism
He appointed reformers to end corruption
within the Church itself
This reformation lasted until the early
1600s
Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent
– Various meetings of church officials for 20
years to reaffirm traditional Catholic views
– Estd. schools and also penalties for corruption
Empowering the Inquisition
– Church court set up during Middle Ages
– Used secret testimony, torture and execution
to root out heresy
Legacy of Catholic Reformation
Even though Protestantism gained a large
following, several Europeans went back to
Christianity because of Counter Reform.
Europe was divided up into multiple
followings of Christianity (still exists today)
– These different interpretations eventually led
to heated disagreements and war between
different groups
Widespread Persecution
Conducting Witch Hunts
– 1450-1750  Thousands of people were
accused of being witches (devil’s agents)
– Most were women in Switzerland and France
– When religious wars declined so did the hunts
Persecuting Jews
– 1516  Venice orders Jews to live in
separate quarters called ghettos
– Luther, Pope Paul IV, Charles V all placed
restrictions on Jews during their times of
power
Chapter 13, Section 5
The Scientific Revolution
Background
The Renaissance and Reformation
provided a breakdown of Medieval views
Mid 1500s  Shift in scientific thinking
was the final break from Medieval times
This new way of thinking was primarily
about the physical universe
– Mathematics governed nature and universe
Changing Views
1543  Nicolaus Copernicus published
his book: “On the Revolutions Heavenly
Spheres”
– He proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered)
universe
– He believed the earth rotated around the sun
Most scientists rejected Copernicus’ view
at first because all teachings came from
classical thinkers
Galileo
Scientist from Italy  constructed an
astronomical telescope
– Discovered that Copernicus was right about
the earth and the sun
Scholars attacked him for his views being
different from ancient teachings
1633  put on trial and spent the rest of
his life on house arrest
– He had to state in public the earth did not
move around the sun
New Scientific Method
Plato’s teachings were rediscovered
during the Renaissance within science
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
devoted themselves to finding truth
– Each argued that truth is determined at the
end of an experiment not the beginning
This eventually led to the step by step
process we have today
Medicine
1543  Andreas Vesalius published “On
the Structure of the Human Body”
– First detailed study of the human body
– He used whatever means he could to learn
about the body
1540s  Ambroise Pare developed a
new ointment for preventing infections
1600s  William Harvey described the
circulation of blood for the first time
Chemistry
Chemistry used to be called alchemy
During the Scientific Revolution,
alchemists experiments were abandoned
1600s  Roger Boyle refined alchemy
and stated that all matter is composed of
tiny particles that behave in specific ways
– Boyle’s work opened the door for the modern
study of chemistry and chemicals
Isaac Newton
1687  Newton published a book dealing
with the law of gravity and other workings
within the universe
He described that all motion in the
universe can be described mathematically
Newton’s work seemed to link multiple
areas of science together
– His laws of motion and mechanics are still
used today (calculus)
Review
1)
Which scientist proposed a heliocentric view of the
universe?
A
B
C
D
2)
Galileo
Newton
Copernicus
Plato
Isaac Newton is credited with doing with of the
following?
A
B
C
D
Linking all parts of English together
Linking many parts of science together
Developing the heliocentric view of the universe
Developing the cheeseburger