Download League of Nations.

The Versailles Treaty
Germany
•Blamed for war
•Lost colonies
•New countries
formed out theirs
•Paid (war debts)
reparations
A Weak League of Nations
The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
 No control of major conflicts.
 No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
Afghanistan—1934
Albania—1920 (taken over by Italy
league
in 1939)
Argentina
Australia
Austria (taken over by Germany
Germany--1926, withdrew, 1933
Greece
In 1938)
Guatemala (withdrew, 1936)
Belgium
Haiti (withdrew, 1942)
Bolivia
Honduras, (withdrew, 1936)
Brazil (withdrew, 1926)
Hungary—1922, withdrew, 1939
Bulgaria---1920
India
Canada
Iraq—1932
Chile (withdrew, 1938)
Ireland—1923
China (invaded by Japan, 1937)
Italy (withdrew, 1937)
Colombia
Japan (withdrew, 1933)
Costa Rica—1920, withdrew, 1925
Latvia—1921
Cuba
Liberia
Czechoslovakia
Lithuania—1921
Denmark
Dominican Republic—1924
Ecuador—1934
Egypt—1937
El Salvador (withdrew, 1937)
Estonia—1921
Ethiopia—1923 (taken over by Italy in 1936)
Finland—1920
France
Luxembourg--1920
Mexico--1930
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua (withdrew, 1936)
Norway
Panama
Paraguay (withdrew, 1936)
Persia
Peru (withdrew,1939)
Poland
Portugal
Romania (withdrew, 1940)
Siam
Spain (withdrew, 1939)
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey--1932
Union of South Africa
USSR—1934, expelled, 1939
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Venezuela (withdrew, 1938)
Yugoslavia
International Agreements
 Several attempts by U.S. to get
countries to agree to disarming
 Washington Disarmament
Conference
 Geneva Convention
 Treaties with Japan
 Kellog-Briand Pact – 1928
 Makes war illegal as a tool of
diplomacy
o No enforcement provisions
Japan Invades Manchuria
1931
•1931 into
Manchuria
•1937 into
China and
starts WWII in
Asia
•1937, U.S.
refuses trade
with Japan
until they
withdraw from
China…..
•1940 invades
Indochina
•US froze
Japanese
assets,
refused to
trade oil,
gasoline and
steel.
1. Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships
2.
•
•
•
Fascist Aggression 1931 to 1941
US Neutrality Acts
Weak League of Nations
Japanese Expansion begins WWII in Asia
• 1937, invasion of China
• German Expansion into Europe
• Munich Conference, Sept. 1938
• Hitler demands Sudetenland or war
• “Appeasement”
– French and British gave into Hitler
Problems in Europe After
WWI
Great Depression
•Economic = people were jobless
•Political = weak governments
could not solve problems in their
countries………..Fear of Jews and
Communists
•Social = times of unrest people
look for a leader.
•Power of government rests in one man.
•TOTAL POWER
•No freedoms in this society…..
•Usually racist and discriminatory towards
certain groups……
•Often have large militaries and must
expand and conquer to gain approval from
their people.
dictators
dictators
Totalitarian
dictators came to
power during the
1920s and 1930s
in Europe.
Adolph Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Joseph Stalin
Totalitarian dictators have total power….There are no freedoms
in this type of society…..Usually racist and discriminatory towards
certain groups……Often have large militaries and must expand and
conquer to gain approval from their people. COMMUNISM, FASCISM
AND NAZISM ARE TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS!
NAZISM AND FASCISM: a philosophy or
system of government that advocates or
exercises a dictatorship, state control of
industry, racial superiority, supremacy of the
leader, limits civil rights, together with an
ideology of belligerent nationalism, militarism
and expansion…..
•opposite of democracy and capitalism
NAZISM: STANDS FOR NATIONAL
SOCIALISTIC PARTY……A TOTALITARIAN
DICTATORSHIP----GERMANY.
FACISM: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF
AUTHORITY IN THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…A
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP----ITALY
nazism
•Joseph Stalin
•1921/Soviet Union
Communism
Spread Communism
throughout the world
•Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader
of the Soviet Union.
•The Russian Revolution was led by the people to
overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class
took over, there were no protections of people’s
rights…… “NO BILL OF RIGHTS”
•Communism and fascism are similar in their
ideologies
dictators
Stalin’s Soviet Union
Stalin’s Economic Plans Stalin’s Reign of Terror
• Stalin’s state takeover of
farmland resulted in a
dramatic fall in agricultural
production as well as mass
starvation.
• To eliminate opposition, Stalin
began a series of purges, the
removal of enemies and
undesirable individuals from
positions of power.
• Stalin poured money and
labor into industrialization
rather than basic necessities
such as housing and clothing.
• Stalin’s purges extended to all
levels of society. Millions were
either executed or sent to
forced labor camps.
• Due to Stalin’s policies, the
Soviet Union soon became a
modern industrial power,
although one with a low
standard of living.
• Nearly all of those purged by
Stalin were innocent. However,
these purges successfully
eliminated all threats to
Stalin’s power.
dictators
Benito Mussolini
1922/Italy---Facism
Believe, Obey and
Fight
Revive the Roman
Empire
FACISM: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN
THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…………”a philosophy or
system of government that advocates or
exercises a dictatorship, state control of
industry, racial superiority, supremacy of the
leader, limits civil rights, together with an
ideology of belligerent nationalism, militarism
and expansion…..”
Fascism in Italy
• Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by
advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest
in East Africa and by terrorizing those who
opposed him.
• Once appointed prime minister by the king,
Mussolini, calling himself Il Duce, suspended
elections, outlawed other political parties, and
established a dictatorship.
• Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian
economy. Under Mussolini, the Italian army
successfully conquered the African nation of
Ethiopia in May 1936.
The Rise of Adolph Hitler
Born in Austria
Fought in WWI and was bitter towards
the Treaty of Versailles
The Rise of Adolph Hitler
After the war his job in the army was
to keep tabs on different political
parties.
Hitler already shows anti-Semitic
views.
Discovers a small political party known as The
National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)
Begins to work himself into the leadership positions
of the Nazi party
November 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch“, Hitler and the
Nazis try to overthrow the local government of Munich,
Germany.
The Rise of Adolph Hitler
It fails and Hitler is arrested.
He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-
year sentence.
Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”
After his release from prison he continued to work
with the Nazi party to take over Germany.
•In 1923 Adolf Hitler was arrested for attempting to
overthrow the government in Munich.
•His National Socialist German Workers' Party (the
Nazi party) was still relatively small, and he used his
trial to attract national attention.
•In due course he was convicted and sentenced to
prison; while there he wrote Mein Kampf (My
Struggle), outlining his political ideas.
•Mein Kampf was not taken seriously at first, but
eventually becomes popular and includes many of
the ideas the Nazis put in practice in the 1930s and
mein kampf
1940s.
•If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the
Jew is victorious over the other peoples of
the world, his crown will be the funeral
wreath of humanity and this planet will, as it
did thousands of years ago, move through the
ether devoid of men.
•The end is not only the end of the freedom
of the peoples oppressed by the Jew, but also
the end of this parasite upon the nations.
After the death of his victim, the vampire
sooner or later dies too.
antisemitism
Adolph Hitler,
appointed chancellor
of Germany in 1933
Appoints himself
dictator after
Reichstag (German
law-making body) is
burnt to the ground.
Create a new empire, “Third Reich”
•Revenge towards the Treaty of Versailles
Rearm Germany
Take back land lost from WWI
dictators
THIRD REICH
HITLER WANTED GERMANY TO
BECOME THE THIRD WORLD
EMPIRE AND UNITE ALL GERMAN
SPEAKING NATIONS THAT WOULD
RULE THE WORLD FOR A 1,000
YEARS.
Form: A cross with four equal arms,
each bent at a right angle.
Word: From the Sanskrit word
svastika, “creating well-being.”
History: An ancient Aryan symbol of the sun
Importance: Hitler adopted the swastika as
its symbol with the aim of making a connection
between the ancient Aryans and the modern
German people. In making this connection,
the Nazis tried to support their claim that the
modern German people were a “master race.”
reich
dictators
•The Nazis used a
political police
•the Gestapo
•the SS corps
•Propaganda to
gain total power.
•Anti-Nazi leaders
were arrested.
•Violated the privacy of postal and telephonic
communications.
•Nazis did not need search warrants for
house searches or for confiscating or
restricting private property.
FREEDOMS LOST
•FREEDOM OF SPEECH
NAZI’S CENSORED
WHAT YOU COULD READ.
•DUE PROCESS
COULD BE ARRESTED
WITHOUT PROBABLE
CAUSE
•NO TRIAL BY JURY
NAZI’S PRACTICED
RACISM AND
PERSECUTION TOWARDS
THE JEWS.
•THEY WERE STRIPPED OF
THEIR CIVIL RIGHTS...
•NO LONGER CITIZENS
FREEDOMS
LOST
A Common Enemy
• Hitler blames Jews and Communists
for problems of Germany
• Loss of WWI
• German Economic Depression
• Jews identified as a “race” –not a
religion
• Anti-Semitism
• A New Education Begins
• Save purity of German race.
• Aryan Virtues----Nuremberg Laws
nuremberg
ANTI-SEMITISM
•ANTI-JEWISH….THE HATRED OF
JEWS, THEIR CULTURE AND
RELIGION.
•IT IS THE PRACTICE OF RACISM
THAT LEADS TO ALL FORMS OF
HOSTILITY DIRECTED TOWARDS
THE JEWS.
antisemitism
ANTI-SEMITISM
•Jews were defined by German policy as
alien, evil, and not capable of being
corrected.
•Jews were historically the virus which ate
at the purity of the Christian Aryans.
•They were the international conspirators
whose aim was to overthrow Christian
Western civilization.
antisemitism
•German
Propaganda
against the Jews.
•"The Jew: The
inciter of war, the
pro-longer of
war."
German children were taught in school that
Jews were inferior.
•Nazi Government Policy of
Anti-Semitism
•Purity of German blood was
essential to the existence of
the German people and nation.
•Nuremberg Laws passed in
1935 provided legal basis.
•Millions of Jews died in
German concentration camps.
1. Marriages between Jews and citizens
of German blood are forbidden.
2. Sexual relations outside marriage
between Jews and German blood are
forbidden.
3. Jews will not be permitted to employ
female citizens of German blood as
servants.
4. Jews are forbidden to display the
Reich and national flag or the national
colors.
nuremberg
5. Jewish children and German were
segregated.
6. The right to citizenship is acquired by
the granting of Reich citizenship
papers.
7. Only the citizen of the Reich enjoys
full political rights in accordance of the
laws.
8. A citizen of the Reich is of German
blood and who shows that he is both
desirous and fit to serve the German
people and Reich faithfully.
nuremberg
THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS
•NOV. 1938, OFFICIAL GERMAN
POLICY OF PERSECUTION OF THE
JEWS IN GERMANY!
•1938 WAS THE TIME IN
GERMANY WHEN TO BE A JEW IN
GERMANY BECOMES DANGEROUS!
kristalnacht
The first organized night of Nazi
violence against German Jews
Nov. 8 - 9, 1938
Thousands arrested, including college
professors, writers, doctors, etc.
Jewish businesses, stores, homes and
synagogues burned all through Germany
and other German Occupied countries
Nazi violence against German Jews led to
thousands hurt and many deaths…..
The Night of Broken Glass
Violence Escalates With Systematic Invasions
Took the form of a god
Japan’s Manifest
Destiny was to expand
into China and the rest
of Asia.
Empire of the Sun
Emperor Hirohito
dictators
1931/Japan,
expansionist and
military leader
•Would threaten our
island possessions
and U.S. trade
policy into China,
Open Door Policy.
Hideki Tojo
dictators
Growing Military Power
Chapter 17, Section 3
Democracy in Crisis
Rise of Nationalism
• After World War I, Japan
had established a
parliamentary government
and granted many citizens
the right to vote.
• Several radical groups
formed in response to the
government’s perceived
weaknesses.
• When economic conditions
worsened during the 1930s,
many Japanese became
dissatisfied with multiparty
democratic government.
• Radicals demanded an end
to Western-style institutions
and a return to traditional
ways.
• These radicals assassinated
several business and
political leaders, hoping to
force the military to take
over the government.
The Manchurian Incident
• By 1930, Japan lacked the land and raw materials
to care for its growing population. Many Japanese
saw the acquisition of neighboring Manchuria as a
solution to these problems.
• In September 1931, a Japanese army stationed in
Manchuria captured several cities. By February
1932, the army had seized all of Manchuria. This
seizure came to be known as the Manchurian
Incident.
• Japan set up Manchuria as a puppet state, or a
supposedly independent country under the
control of a powerful neighbor.
• After the Manchurian Incident, the military took a
much stronger hand in governing Japan,
especially in the area of foreign policy.
•BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN
CONTROLLED MOST OF ASIA AND WAS
THREATENING U.S. ISLANDS AND OUR
OPEN DOOR TRADE POLICY.
•FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER
REMARMED GERMANY IN VIOLATION
OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
•GERMANY/ITALY CONQUERED ALL
THE DEMOCRACIES IN EUROPE.
•US POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITY
BUT ULTIMATELY WOULD BE DRAWN
INTO WWII.
democracies
•1931 into
Manchuria
•1937 into
China and
starts WWII in
Asia
•1937, U.S.
refuses trade
with Japan
until they
withdraw from
China…..
•1940 invades
Indochina
•US froze
Japanese
assets,
refused to
trade oil,
gasoline and
steel.
map/japan
GERMAN
EXPANSION
•1935 to 1939,
unopposed by
the League of
Nations.
•Rhineland
1936
•Austria
1938
Munich
Conference
Sudetenland
•Part of Germany
before WWI.
•Treaty of
Versailles created
Czechoslovakia
•7,450,000 Czechs
•3,200,000
Germans
•2,300,000
Slovaks
•720,000 Magyars
•560,000 Ruthenes
•100,000 Poles
•Leaders met in Munich to decide the
fate of Czechoslovakia..
•Hitler believed Sudetenland should be
part of Germany.
•Adolf Hitler--Germany
Neville Chamberlain—England
Premier Edouard Deladier---France
Benito Mussolini--Italy
•Hitler promised the world if he
received the Sudetenland, there would
be no war.
Munich Conference
•German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany
for Germans”
•All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost.
•Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied
Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with
honor… peace in our time.”
•Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement)
•Hitler got the Sudetenland.
•FDR sent a letter to Hitler
asking him to honor the Munich
Conference
•Later in 1939, Hitler would
invade and take the rest of
Czechoslovakia…….
•The United States learned
from the Munich Conference
that you cannot trust the words
of a dictator………
Munich Conference
•What is the
cartoonist trying
to say here?
•What is meant
by, “we might as
well try to appease
him”?
•How does the
cartoonist justify
his decision to
appease Hitler?
•Notice the
American
countries…….
What is this
symbolic of?
Umbrella Road
1. 1931---Japan invades Manchuria,
WWII begins in Asia
2. 1935---Italy invades Ethiopia
•
US and League of Nations demands
Japan to get out---Stimson Doctrine
•
L/N demands Italy to get out—No US sell
of weapons
3. 1936---Hitler invades the Rhineland •
L/N demands Germany to get out---US
Neutrality and refuses to sell arms to
Germany
4. 1937 to 1939---Spanish Civil War
•
US Neutrality----Spain becomes a fascist
dictatorship
5. 1937---Japan invades China
•
US neutral but demands Japan to
withdraw and refuses to sell iron, steel
and gasoline products
6. 1938--Hitler takes Sudetenland
•
Munich Conference--Great Britain and
France give into Hitler, Appeasement
US Neutral but FDR writes a letter to
Hitler & Mussolini asking them to
guarantee no more aggression.
•
CHART
CHART
7. 1938, Hitler takes Czechoslovakia
•
8. Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland •
which begins WWII in Europe
Cannot trust “the words of a dictator”
Britain & France declare war on
Germany on Sept. 1, 1939. US neutral,
extends Cash and Carry Policy to Allies
9. 1940---Hitler’s inasion of Norway,
Denmark, Holland and Belgium
•
US neutral--freezes German assets-begins military buildup
10. 1940---Hitler takes France
•
US neutral, begins peacetime draft—
Selective Service
11. 1940---Japan’s invades Indochina
•
US neutral but demands withdrawal and
freezes Japanese money, Property and
embargo of oil, iron and steel.
12. 1940---Hitler attacks Great Britian
•
US neutral but extends Lend Lease
policy to Great Britain—last Democratic
Nation—Battle of Britian US becomes
the arsenal of democracy
13. 1941---Hitler’s invasion of Russia
•
US neutral but extends Lend Lease
to Russia…...US & Great Britain
draw up war goals in the Atlantic
Charter
14. 1941---Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7, 1941---Day of Infamy
•
Neutrality is ended and US declares
war on Japan, Germany and Italy
declare war on US
Answer the following questions from the chart
1. What was the position the US throughout most of the fascist aggression, Why?
2. What was the position of the L/N’s? Why were they so powerless to stop this
aggression?
3. Why is the Munich Conference and appeasement a turning point in preventing
war in Europe? Does it work? What “principle” does this set?
4. Name the ways the U.S. tried to avoid war and deal with fascist aggression?
5. Even though the US was neutral, what are ways we begin to prepare ourselves
for war?
6. Which of the U.S. responses to fascist aggression marked the turning point inmoving the nation from neutrality to war?
7. To what extent was the reversal of neutrality in the best interest of the United
States?
CHART
Hitler’s Rise to Power: 1919 to 1933
• Hitler’s Background: Adolf Hitler,
an Austrian painter, hated the
way the Versailles Treaty
humiliated Germany and stripped
it of its wealth and land.
• The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and
soon led the Nazi Party in
Germany.
• Nazism, the philosophies and
policies of this party, was a form
of fascism shaped by Hitler’s
fanatical ideas about German
nationalism and racial
superiority.
• Mein Kampf: While imprisoned
for trying to take over the
government in November 1923,
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My
Struggle”).
• In this book, he proposed that
Germany defy the Versailles
Treaty by rearming and
reclaiming lost land.
• He also blamed minority
groups, especially Jews, for
Germany’s weaknesses.
• Hitler Becomes Chancellor:
Between 1930 and 1934, the
Nazi Party gained a majority in
the Reichstag, the lower house
of the German parliament.
• Hitler became first chancellor
and then president of Germany.
• He moved to suppress many
German freedoms and gave
himself the title Der Führer, or
“the leader.”
The Weimar Republic: 1924-1933
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized
Hitler in Landesberg Prison
Mein Kampf [My Struggle]