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Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 8 – Muscular System
Exam Review Sheet
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Type
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Use this study guide to help you prepare for the upcoming muscle physiology
and Function of Muscle Tissue:
Identify the three types of muscle tissue. Where do you find each type?
What are the three primary functions of skeletal muscle?
Give the major function of smooth muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscles:
1.
Know the relationship between each of the following structures:
Filaments
perimysium
fascia
Muscle fiber (cell)
endomysium
tendon
Epimysium
skeletal muscle
periosteum
Myofibrils
actin
myosin
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Explain the differences between a tendon, ligament, and aponeurosis CT
Know the relationship between actin & myosin and a muscle contraction
Know the role of each of the following substances or structures of a muscle
fiber (cell) plays in muscle contraction.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
transverse tubules (T-tubules)
Myosin cross-bridges
Sarcoplasm
Calcium ions
ATP
ADP active sites
S.R. cisternae
Creatine phosphate
Active pump for Calcium
Calmodulin
Explain how the following relate to muscles:
Tendonitis
botulism
Rigor mortis
muscle sprain
Fast twitch fibers
Slow twitch fibers
What are the following structures and how they relate to a muscle
contraction.
Skeletal Muscle Identification:
1.
Distinguish between the origin and insertion of a muscle
2.
Identify the two muscles of mastication (chewing)
3.
Name two muscles that are associated with the epicranial aponeurosis
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16.
Explain what temporomandibular joint syndrome is (TMJ)
Identify two muscles that move the head
Name the triangular shaped muscle that inserts into the clavicle and scapula
Where do the serratus anterior and the pectoralis minor have their origins?
Name the three muscles that flex the elbow
Where does the deltoid insert?
Name the muscle that is responsible for extending the fingers
Explain the difference between adduction and abduction.
What does “rectus” mean?
Where in your body are your gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and tensor
fasciae latae?
On a lateral view of the leg, which muscle would you not be able to see and
identify: the biceps femoris, the vastus lateralis, the gracilis, or the
gastrocnemius?
Name three muscles involved with pointing the toes (plantar flexion)
Dorsal flexion is the opposite of pointing the toes. Name two muscles that
result in dorsal flexion when contracted.
Skeletal Muscle Contractions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
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9.
What structure produces acetylcholine?
What is the difference between a muscle impulse and a nerve impulse?
What structure carries the muscle impulse deep into the muscle fiber (cell)?
In order for the myosin cross-bridges to link with the active site of actin,
there must be a high concentration of what ion in the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm
of a muscle cell)?
What mechanism moves calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the
cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to break the linkage between the
myofibrils? What is the role of ATP in this mechanism?
What protein molecule is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine?
Remember, if the neurotransmitter is not broken down, the muscle impulse
will continue to fire and this firing will continue to stimulate the muscle
fiber.
What molecule supplies the muscle with the energy needed to cause the
reaction between myosin and actin to occur? Where does this molecule come
from?
What molecule is stored by the muscle fiber and later converted into usable
energy?
What molecule is then used in a process known as cellular respiration to
create more energy if the storage energy molecule is depleted?
10.
11.
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15.
16.
Explain the two major differences between aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration in the production of useable energy?
Identify the relationship between a strenuous workout and the following:
Anaerobic respiration of glucose
not enough oxygen
Production of ATP & pyruvic acid
function of the liver
Oxygen debt
lactic acid
Fatigue is when a muscle loses the ability to contract. What three factors
can be associated with muscle fatigue?
Explain what causes muscle cramps. How is this related to rigor mortis?
Explain what a threshold stimulus is.
What is meant by the term “recruitment”?
The ability to maintain our posture is the result of tonus, also known as
muscle tone. Explain what muscle tone is.
Smooth Muscles:
1.
What two features are largely responsible for peristalsis of smooth muscle?
2.
Identify three substances, which are capable of stimulating smooth muscle
contractions. How does this differ from skeletal muscle?
3.
How do smooth muscle contractions differ from skeletal muscle contractions
in terms of time and force? (Think about refractory period)
Cardiac Muscle:
1.
Give two differences between the T-tubules of cardiac muscle and the Ttubules of skeletal muscle.
2.
What structure found only in cardiac muscle, allows for the rapid
transmission of muscle impulses between muscle fibers (cells?)
3.
What structure stimulates the muscle contraction of the heart? How does
this differ from skeletal muscle?
4.
How does the refractory period of cardiac muscle differ from skeletal
muscle? Why is this so important?
Application of Concepts:
1.
Why do “speed freaks” frequently experience episodes of shaking, fidgeting,
and/or tapping (unproductive body movement)?
2.
Explain what muscular dystrophy is.
3.
What muscle is sore when a soccer player has shin splints?
4.
Explain how neurological disease can produce muscle paralysis.