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Astronomy – define: The Universe – define: The Known Universe – define: What is in the known universe? Space – Galaxies – Star Clusters – Star Systems – Stars – Nebulae – Black “holes” – Galaxies, Star Clusters, Star Systems What is a Galaxy? Three main types 1. 2. 3. Our Galaxy – Type? Size and number of stars? Star Clusters– Two major kinds 1. 2. Star systems – Two major kinds 1. 2. Constellations: define Zodiac Constellations: “Life” of a star – Stages of development 1. ________________________ - stars begin as a large dust and gas cloud in space. 2. ________________________ - occurs nearby and shoots matter and energy into the nebula, “seeds” it with elements not originally present and causes it to spin 3. ________________________ - because of gravity the nebula collapses inward. (In the case of our Sun approximately 98% of the matter in the nebula became the star). This collapsing mass is under great pressure and heats up and is called a _____________. (This kind of temperature change is called an ___________ ____________ ______) 4. ________________________ - if the core of this collapsing mass gets hot enough and it is now a star. 5. Eventually, ________________________ - the star will collapse, heat up again. 6. ________________________ - when it reaches the next critical temperature 7. Eventually,_________________________ - The star will again collapse. It is at this point that there is a difference in what happens to different size stars. Divergence: What happens next depends on the overall mass of the star: First we will deal with the small to medium stars (like the Sun) 8. ___________________________ - No more fusion. 9. ____________________________ - Expands to a Red Giant. (The Sun will at this time engulf the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and probably Mars) 10. ___________________________ - outer ring of gases continues to expand 11. ____________________________ - __________ is formed (glowing mass about the size of the Earth), but with no further energy source will eventually burn out to a ________________________. Reminder: The stages a star goes through depend on its ______________. Giants and Supergiants 8. _____________________ - heats up enough to begin the next fusion step 9. _______________________ - for an unknown reason the core then continues to heat up 10. ______________________ - Energy wave from the core of the very massive star shoots outward overcoming gravity; the star explodes Giants 11. ______________________ - core collapses producing the smallest most dense star; densities can be 100,000,000 tons/cm3. [Three times the mass of the Sun in a diameter of 25 km (15 mi.)] Another divergence: Supergiants 11. _______________________ - collapses into a structure so dense that it has so much gravity that nothing escapes it, not even visible light. - not possible to detect directly because no energy is given off, need to look at surrounding area to find another star caught in its gravity and see what it is doing to that companion star SOLAR SYSTEM NOTES 1. How do scientists believe our solar system formed? 2. What does the term planet mean? 3. Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet? What are some of the other structures now characterized with it? 4. What is the measurement unit called an AU? 5. Explain what happens to the period of revolution of the planets as we move outward in the solar system. 6. What is a major difference between the Inner Planets and the Outer Planets? 7. Why is Mars red? 8. Why is Venus even hotter than Mercury? 9. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune together are called the _________________________. 10. Which planets have rings? 11. What number planet from the Sun is Uranus? 12. Which planets in our solar system have retrograde rotations? What does retrograde mean? 13. Which two planets do not have moons? 14. What are the names of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter? Which one of these is the largest moon in our solar system? 15. What is the name of Pluto’s moon? 16. What are the names of Mars’ two small moons? 17. What are the two proper names for the Earth’s moon? 18. Why do we always see the same side of our moon? 19. Where is the Keiper Belt? What solar system objects probably originate there? 20. What is the coma of a comet? 21. Why does the tail of a comet always point away from the Sun? 22. What does the term “Asteroid” actually mean? Where in our Solar System would you find the asteroid belt? 23. Earth Moon Sun relationships Eclipses Solar – Moon’s shadow has two parts: 1. Umbra – 2. Penumbra – Lunar – Earth’s shadow also has the same two parts as the Moon’s shadow does (Umbra and Penumbra) Phases of the Moon Tides Primary cause Secondary causes Tides cycle timing – Spring tide – Neap tide - The “Reasons for the Seasons” – (review) 2 Major reasons are both related to the ____ ___ ____ ____________ ________ and the ___________ _____________ around the Sun. 1. _______________________ - (review) If the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, we receive ___________________ _____________. This causes us to heat up more. If the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, we receive __________ ____________________. This doesn’t allow us to heat up as much. 2. ____________________________ What is happening to the length of daylight at this time of the year? (diagram why) After the end of December the day light will __________ __________. This will continue until the end of June. At that time we will again start to get ________ __________. Important Seasonal Dates 1. June 21st – ish – 2. September 21st – ish – 3. December 21st – ish – 4. March 21st – ish -