Download World War II

American History
Chapter 24 Review
World War Looms
Totaliarism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Defined as a government that exerts complete control over its citizen’s lives.
a. Individuals have no rights
b. Government suppresses all opposition
Soviet Union created such a state by 1939 under Joseph Stalin
a. Created a model communist state
Italy formed a totalitarian state beginning in 1922 under Benito Mussolini
a. Created a Fascist State
Germany’s creation of a totalitarian state under Adolf Hitler began in 1933
a. Known as Nazism
i. A brand of Fascism built on extreme nationalism
Japan became part of a totalitarian state by 1931
a. Nationalistic military leaders tried to take control
i. Shared a common belief with Hitler
1. More living space for a growing population
Spain’s Civil War under Francisco Franco, fascist dictator, resulted in a totalitarian
government
League of Nations dealing with the developing European crisis
1.
Sent representatives to Manchuria to investigate Japan’s invasion of the Manchurian
Province.
a.
Condemned Japan for the invasion
2.
Allowed France and Belgium to invade the Ruhr in 1923
a.
Germany’s most important industrial zone
i. Allowed them to break their own rules due to anti-German feelings
throughout Europe
3.
Italy bombarded the coastline of Corfu in the Greek Islands due to a border dispute
between Italy and Albania.
a. An Italian survey team as part of al mixed nationality team was sent to survey
the disputed area and settle
the dispute
i.
Italian section of the team was separated from the main party
1.
Five of the Italians were shot by gunman
b.
Italy blamed Greece for planning the incident
i.
Demanded payment of a fine which Greece refused
c.
Italy sent its navy to Corfu and bombed the coastline
i.
Greece appealed to the League
d.
League under the persuasion of Mussolini, fined Greece 50 million lire
4.
League in any instance of complaint issued no more than ineffective boycotts or did
nothing.
a. Hitler invading Austria
b.
Mussolini invasion of Ethiopia
c.
Japan’s invasion of Manchuria
Political Developments in Germany:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Germany was in a deep depression following World War I
a. The burden of reparations
b. Efforts to rebuild
c. Limits on industrial growth placed on the country by the Treaty of Versailles
Inflation skyrocketed
a. German marc becomes worthless
The Weimar government is viewed as worthless
a. Ineffective in dealing with the depression
b. Weak
German people began to look to extremist groups
a. Groups had promised strong leadership
b. Some turned to Communism
c. Many of the upper class and military wanted the return of a monarchy
d. New political party emerged during the 1920’s and early 1930’s
i. Called the “National Socialist German Worker’s Party”
1. Referred to as the Nazi Party
2. Led by Adolf Hitler
ii. Party based on extreme nationalism and racial “purification”
1. Saw all that did not fit their definition of an “Aryan” race as
inferior
a. Jews
b. Slavs
c. All non-whites
iii. Wanted to unite all German speaking people into a German empire
Political Developments associated with Italy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Country in a crisis mode post World War I
a. Frustrated over the Treaty of Versailles
i. Gained little of the Austrian territory it had wanted but did not receive
Internal struggles are a work
a. Economy is failing
i. Unemployment and inflation produced strikes
Social Class tensions
a. Peasants began seizing lands
b. Workers took over factories
Benito Mussolini established a Fascist regime
a. Stressed nationalism
b. Appealed to the country’s wounded pride
c. Promised to restore Italy to ancient Roman Empire’s greatness
d. Organized a private army
i. Used to break up left-wing rallies
5.
ii. Beat up political opponents
Changes made under Fascist regime
a. Outlawed all other political parties
b. Forced all the countries leaders to join the Fascist Party
i. Government officials
ii. Business leaders
iii. Union chiefs
c. Flooded the country with pro-fascist propaganda
Fascism
1.
Defined as a political philosophy that advocates a centralized, nationalistic government
a. Headed by a strong dictator
b. Places the interest of the state above the individual
Spanish Civil War and the West’s Reaction
1.
2.
The western democracies remained neutral
a. Individuals in the United States supported the Spanish loyalists
i. Approximately 3,000 went to Spain to help with the fighting
Britain, France and the United States did not interfere with the Spanish Civil War
a. Do to their fear that intervention could lead to another war.
United States Foreign Policy Following World War I
1.
2.
3.
4.
Took the stand of remaining neutral
a. Determined to isolate themselves from European problems
People in the United States had their own economic worries in the 1930’s
a. Did not care much about what was happening elsewhere
Strong isolationist mood took the United States when threats of a war in Europe became
known
Isolationists in Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts
a. Banned arms sales or loans to countries at war
b. Warned Americans not to travel on warring countries ships
c. Limited economic ties with warring countries
i. Hoped to stay out of the conflict
Factors that saw neutrality break-down
1.
2.
Following Hitler’s invasion of Poland the president announced the United States would
remain neutral
a. Most Americans did sympathize with the Allies
Britain was standing alone after the fall of France
a. Roosevelt knew that if Britain fell the United States would have a problem
3.
i. Axis Powers would be in position to bring enormous military and naval
resources against the Western Hemisphere
1. Roosevelt believed if this happened the United States would be
living at gunpoint
Roosevelt believed that 90% of the world population was being jeopardized by the
remaining 10%.
a. Breaking down international order and law
The Good Neighbor Policy
1.
2.
3.
An effort to improve relations with Latin American countries
a. Withdrew troops from two countries
i. Nicaragua
ii. Haiti
Withdrew the Platt Amendment
a. Limiting the independence of Cuba
Emphasized cooperation and trade
a. Wanted to end military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere
Hitler’s Foreign Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Began moving cautiously on the international scene
Pulled Germany out of the League of nations in 1933
Used Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia as a distraction
a. Announced Germany would rearm
Year after announcing rearmament sent soldiers into the Rhineland
a. Britain and France did nothing
Used propaganda to justify the invasion by Germany
a. Declared to the world that German minorities were being mistreated
i. Threatened Austria
1. Germany would attack if current government not replaced by
Austrian Nazis.
Hitler met with Britain, and France
a. Signed the Munich Agreement
i. Gave Germany the Sudetenland as long as Hitler promised to go no
further.
Hitler broke the agreement six months after signing it.
Britain and France Respond to Germany’s Actions:
1.
Britain and France promised they would protect Czechoslovakia from German
invasion
2.
Met with Hitler in Munich to discuss Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union
a. Mussolini was also there
3.
Hitler told the diplomats the Sudeten was the last territory he would demand
a.
b.
Both France and Britain feared war
Wanted to believe Hitler and signed the Munich Agreement
i. Agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland
ii. Believed their people would not fight so had no other alternative
iii. Believed appeasement was the best policy when dealing with
Hitler
Actions that Freed Hitler to Attack Poland
1. Joseph Stalin suggested to Britain that the Soviet Union and France back Britain’s
guarantee to Poland
a. Help them if Germany attacked
2. Britain’s Prime Minister, Chamberland, turned Stalin down
a. Believed it would give the Soviet Union the right to send troops into Poland to
fight the Germans
b. Poland refused to allow the Soviet Union’s troops on their lands
3. Stalin came to the conclusion that Britain and France would not help the Soviet Union
if attacked by Germany
a. Decided to sign a nonaggression pact with Germany
i. The two nations agreed no to fight each other
ii. Signed a second secret pact to share Poland with Germany
1. Germany would take the western half of Poland
2.
Russia would take the eastern half of Poland
4. Hitler had outwitted the democratic nations
a. Signing the nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union removed the threat of a
two front war
i. He now had a clear path to invade Poland
Tactics Used by Germany to Attack Poland
1.
Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939
a. Used various modes of military force
i. Planes
ii. Tanks
iii. Ship’s
iv. Used approximately 2 million troops.
2.
Used the tactic known as “Blitzkrieg”
a. Lightning War
i. Stated by dive bombing Polish airfields and large cities
1. Disrupted communication
2. Created general confusion
ii. Mechanized panzer divisions followed
1. Moved over roads strafed by low-flying planes
a. Cleared the roads of defense forces and refugees
iii. Used Genocide
1. Exterminated two million German-occupied Polish Jews
The “Phony War”
1.
2.
3.
After the initial terror of the Polish campaign everyone expected heavy combat
Germany had paused to regroup during the winter of 1939-1940 until April 1940.
The British and French decided to stay on the defensive.
a. Because so little combat took place, it soon became known as the Phony War or
the Sitzkrieg.
4. During this time, the British Royal Air Force started dropping propaganda leaflets on
Germany.
a.
These leaflet flights were often called "Bomphlet raids" or "Confetti War" in
the British press.
5. Ended on June 17, 1940
a.
Germany attacked Denmark and Norway and later the Netherlands in order
to protect their freedom
and independence
i. Reality was the Hitler planned to build military bases on their
coastlines in order to strike
at Britain.
France Following The “Phony War”
1.
Germany pushed their way to Paris through the Ardennes
a. France and Britain thought they would try to go through the Maginot Line
i. Went through the French army
ii. Trapped Britain army at Dunkirk
b. Italy entered the war a few days after Dunkirk on Germany’s side
c. France surrendered to Germany in on June 22, 1940
i. Germany took control of the northern half of France
ii. Southern France became part of a puppet government
iii. Charles de Gaulle fled to Britain
Britain in 1940
1.
Germany attacked Britain
a. Sent waves of bombers over the English Channel
i. Wanted to soften Britain’s air defenses
1. Before a planned sea and airborne invasion of Britain
2.
Britain began using the new invention called “Radar
b. Used to warn against upcoming attacks
c. Using radar, Britain was able to shoot down hundreds of German planes
3.
Hitler gave up his plans to invade Britain by October 1940
d. Continued bombing British cities
i. Wanted to continue disrupting production
ii. Wanted to break civilian morale
Results of the Battle of Britain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Battle was small in terms of the number of combatants and casualties
Battle of Britain marked the first defeat of Hitler's military forces
Signaled a shift in the United States opinion that Britain would not survive the attack
German attacks failed to destroy British Industrial potential
Victory was as much psychological as physical
a. Turned a tide of defeats and encouraged the enemies of Germany.
Battle of Britain had a heavy cost
a. Britain losses included 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded civilians
Winston Churchill’s Leadership Style
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Delegated freely
Regarded nothing to big or small for his attention
Prodded and pressed the Chiefs of the Armed Services
a. Never went against their collective judgment
Dominated Parliament
a. Never neglected it or took it for granted
b. Saw it as an instrument for public persuasion
Committed to an all-out victory
Laid out elaborate strategy
a. He followed it religiously
Asked all British citizens to share in his goal
a. Even asked the Communists
Treatment of Jews By the Nazis After Taking Power
1.
2.
Nazi Party blamed two groups for the outcome of World War I
a. Jews
b. Communists
Hitler once in power went forward with the program he had outlined in “Mein Kampf
a. Burned all books written by Jews
b. Declared Anti-Semitism the official government policy
i. Deprived Jews of citizenship
ii. Barred Jews from Government service
iii. Brutally attacked Jews
1. Encouraged Germans to do this
iv. Destroyed synagogues
v. Looted Jewish homes and businesses
c. Jews were excluded from working in specific jobs other than government
i. Radio
ii. Journalism
iii. Farming
iv. Teaching
v. Practicing medicine
d. Businesses could not sell to Jews
e.
f.
g.
i. Butcher shops
ii. Bakeries
iii. Drugstores
iv. Dairies
Forced Jews to wear yellow “Star of David” on their clothing
i. Germans could then tell them apart from the public
Created enclosed slum areas in cities
Created a program called “Final Solution”
Jews Could Not Escape Germany
1.
Tens of thousands of Jews fled Germany
a. Many nations would not ease immigration restrictions
b. Many refused to accept Jewish refugees
2. Anti-Semitism had a long history in many European nations
a. Refusal to take immigrating Jews fueled the German belief that everyone
wanted to get rid of them
3. All Jewish property and money, jobs, and citizenship were taken from them
a. Had no means to get out of Germany
4. Germany halted all emigration of Jews in 1938
The Final Solution
1. A policy of genocide imposed by Hitler concerning the Jews of Europe
a. It was a systematic and deliberate way of killing the entire population of
Jews and others deemed
undesirable by the German Nazis.
2. To strengthen and purify the superior master race
a. “Aryans”
Nazis Industrialize the Killing of Jews
1.
2.
This is the final stage of Hitler’s “Final Solution”
Large numbers of Jews were emptied from Ghettos and sent to death camps
a. Daily trains of Jews and undesirables were being shipped to the various camps
throughout Nazi
territories
b. There they were paraded by several doctors where they would be
separated into groups strong
enough to work and those chosen to die
3. All their belongings were left for the Germans to go through
4. Those marked for death were marched to mass shower rooms on the pretext of
delousing
a. Cyanide gas was pumped into these rooms and in some instances cheerful
music was being played by
5.
6.
by a Jewish inmate orchestra
i. Chelmno averaged 12,000 deaths per day
b. Bodies were then removed and in the beginning of the third stage of the “Final
Solution” were
buried in mass graves
i. This ended when the decaying corpses gave off such a stench towns
complained.
ii. Mass graves also left evidence of what the Nazis were doing
New options included the building of huge crematoriums and other camps threw the
bodies into big pits and burned
a. Began burning the evidence
Other methods used to eliminate the undesirables were also used
a. Some were shot
b. Some hanged
c. Others injected with poison
d. Medical experimentation
Concentration Camps Brutalities
1.
purposes
Carried out medical experiments and reserved several blocks of housing for these
a. Experimented on with destructive materials: new gases or burning fluids
and medicinal materials as
well: vaccinations or anti-viral materials."
b. Experiments with gases
2. Millions of prisoners were killed through mistreatment, disease, starvation, and
overwork
3. Prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings on the grounds
4. Prisoners were shot for not working fast enough, what was perceived as talking
back.
5. Some were thrown into electrified fences
6. Forced to sleep on barbed wire bedding
7. Women were used as prostitutes, Germans opened brothels
8. Not all the prisoners were equal
a.
Treatment depended largely on the category assigned to each inmate
i. Nationality
ii. Disabilities
iii. Religion
iv. Sexual preferences
v. Criminal status
Effects of Concentration Camps on Survivors
1.
Remember the treatment by the Germans
2.
3.
4.
Feeling of guilt that they survived
Remembering the faces of those who were killed
Remember their loss
a. Some lost their entire family
5. Smells that remind them of the burning bodies
6. Arm tattoos are a constant reminder
7. Never forget their desire to live during their interment
Events by the United States after the beginning of World War II in Europe
1. Continued with the an approach of isolationism
2. Laws were passed in 1935 forbidding the supply of arms to warring nations
a. Neutrality Acts in 1939 were a compromise
i. Allowed sales of arms to belligerent- warring nations
ii. Forbid American ships to go into war zones
3. Hitler’s victories in 1940, changed American thinking
a. Passed the Selective Service Training and Services Act in 1940
i. First time there was a peace-time draft
b. Increased of defense spending
4. Continued to transfer surplus World War I arms and supplies to Britain
a. Gave Britain fifty aging destroyers
i. Payment was a free lease to British naval bases in Canada and the
Caribbean
5. Land-Lease Act of 1941
a.
Allowed the United States to sell, lend or lease war materials to any nation
whose defense is
believed vital to American security
b. Stripped away any pretense of neutrality
Formation of Axis Alliance and It’s Impact on the United States
1.
2.
3.
Consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan
a.
Japan quickly occupied new territories
i. Southeast Asia
ii. Strategic Islands in the Pacific
b. Germany was sinking three to four ships in the Atlantic daily
The United States formed an alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union called Allies
a. Believed Germany and Italy were the greater threat of the three
b. Allies agreed on fighting the European theatre first
The purpose of the Axis Alliance was to keep the United States out of the war.
a. With the United States involved it could be a two ocean and two continent
war.
Germans Threaten the Lend-lease Program
1.
2.
3.
U-boats preyed on the Atlantic convoys
a. Supplying Britain from the US
Protecting airplanes did not have the range to fly
Convoys had destroyer escorts but faced problems
a.
Speed of the U-boats
b.
Confusion caused in a large convoy under attack
Atlantic Charter
1. Joint program between the United States and Britain
a. Statement supporting specific principles and aims
i.
Rejection of territorial enlargement
ii.
Opposition to territorial changes made against individuals
concerned wishes
iii.
Restore the sovereign rights and self-government to those that
were forcibly deprived
iv. Access to raw materials for all nations of the world
v. Ease trade restrictions
vi. World cooperation to secure economic and social conditions for all
vii. Freedom from want and fear
viii. Freedom of the seas
ix. Abandon use of force
x. Disarmament of aggressive nations
2. Signed on August 14, 1941.
Japan and the United States on a collision course
1. Japanese military leaders believed it was Japan’s destiny to drive out the Western
colonial powers and rule all of
Asia.
a.
Idea was supported by many Japanese business leaders
i. Supported expansion for economic reasons
b. Invades Manchuria in 1931.
2.
The invasion of Manchuria was a direct slap at the United States
a. United States announced that we would not recognize Japanese rule in
Manchuria or any other territory they ruled by force.
i. Referred to as the Stimson Doctrine
3. The United States saw itself as a Pacific Power and China’s protector
a. In 1940, the United States embargoed specific exports to Japan
i. Iron
ii. Steel
b. Demanded that Japan abandon all claims in China and Southeast Asian
colonies
i. Japan furious
1. Felt the United States was trying to strangle Japan’s economy
2.
3.
Remained in China
Moved into French Indochina in 1941
a. Cambodia
b. Vietnam
c. Laos
c. The United States seized all Japanese money and property in the United States
d. The United States cut off all oil exports to Japan
i. This would halt Japan’s war machine
e. Japan forced into two options
i. Give the United States what they wanted
ii. Grab the Dutch East Indies Oil
1. This would mean war.
Events that Precipitated America’s Entry into World War II
1.
United States had broken Japanese codes
a. Learned that Japan was planning a strike on the United States
i. Did not know where or when, but wanted Japan to make the first
2.
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii on December 7. 1941
a. Killed 2,403 Americans
b. Wounded 1,178 Americans
c. Damaged 21 ships and more than 300 aircraft
United States declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941
a. Japan’s allies declared war on the United States three days later
i. Germany
ii. Italy
move
3.
Selective Service and Its Efforts to Meet the United States Manpower Needs
1.
Increased military forces within the United States
a. For the first time it went beyond the army
2.
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, recruiting offices in the United States were
jammed with American’s
wanting to join.
a. More than Five million volunteered
i. It was not enough to face an all-out war on two fronts
1. Pacific
2. Europe
3. Selective Service expanded the drafts
a. Eventually provided ten million more solders
Undeclared War in the Atlantic
1.
2.
German submarines were sinking millions of tons of shipping
British nay was stretched to its limits
3.
a. American ships were desperately needed
Roosevelt met the threat in gradual stages
a. Launched neutrality patrols in American waters
i. Watching for German U-boats
b. Allowed American destroyers to accompany British convoys halfway across
the Atlantic
4.
i. U-boats fired on American destroyers
c. Announced the navy would shoot any U-boat found in the western Atlantic
In October 1941, U-boats torpedoed two more American destroyers
a. First uniformed Americans to die in 1941
Women’s and Minorities Contributions to the Military Efforts
1.
Women joined the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
a. Worked at many jobs that were performed by men prior to this time
i. Nursing
ii. Ambulance drivers
iii. Radio operators
iv. Electricians
v. Pilots
1. Not part of direct combat
2. Many of the minorities in American joined the Armed Forces
a. 300,000 Mexican Americans
b. Approximately one million African Americans
i. Placed in segregated units
ii. Most were limited to non-combat roles
iii. Eventually saw combat in 1943 after much protesting
3. More than 13, 000 Chinese Americans served in the military
4. There were also 33,000 Japanese Americans who also served in uniforms
a. Several thousand served in other ways
i. Spies
ii. Interpreters in the Pacific
5. Native Americans that enlisted reached approximately 25,000.
a. This included 800 women
American Industry Contributions to the War Effort
1.
Automobile plants shut down and retool to produce war vehicles
a. Tanks
b. Airplanes
c. Boats
d. Command cars
2. Other factories also converted to war production
a. Mechanical pencil producers made bomb parts
b. Bedspread manufactures made mosquito netting
c. Soft drink companies filled shells with explosives
3. Shipyards and defense plants expanded
4.
Labor contributions changed due to selective service and volunteers
a. More than six million women take industrial jobs
b. More than two million minorities went to work for the war effort
Scientists Help With the War Effort
1.
2.
Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941
a. Used this to bring Scientists into the war effort
Scientist made many contributions
a. Improved radar
b. Improved sonar
c. Use of pesticides like DDT to fight insects
d. Development of penicillin
e. Developed the atomic bomb
i. Under the Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
1.
2.
Chicago
3.
A two billion dollar effort to build the first Atomic Bomb
a. Program to study the potential military use of fission
Early research was done at Columbia University
a. Also was carried out at the University of California and the University of
Laboratory to construct the bomb was established at Los Alamos, N.M.
a. Staffed by scientists headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer.
b. Production also was carried out at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Hanford,
Washington
4. Bomb was tested successfully at Alamogordo, New Mexico in July 1945
Mass Media And It’s Contribution to the War Effort
1.
Used by the United States government as a form of propaganda
a. Encouraged media programmers to do their part
i.
Responded by urging all-out participation in the war effort
1. Moviemakers
a. . . Hundreds of war movies came out of Hollywood
i. Build support for the war
ii. Romanticized American and allied
soldiers
iii. Portrayed Japanese as treacherous
iv. Portrayed Germans as fanatical
v. Portrayed the Italians as cowards
2.
Songwriters
a. Wrote songs popularized a new form of jazz
i. Bebop
ii. Sentimental songs that expressed the
longing for peace
3.
2.
3.
Radio station programmers
a. Broadcast war news and entertainment
Movie stars advertised war bonds
a. Traveled overseas to entertain the troops
Hundreds of war movies came out of Hollywood
a.
Build support for the war
b. Romanticized American and allied soldiers
c.
Portrayed Japanese as treacherous
d. Portrayed Germans as fanatical
e.
Portrayed the Italians as cowards
Federal Controls on the Economy
1. Government increased more than ten times the number of Americans who would
pay income tax
a. Most middle and lower income groups
2. Remainder of the money came from borrowing
a. Sold war bonds
3.
Sale of war bonds helped the government deal with a major concern
a.
Keep inflation down
b.
Offered a way of siphoning off excess income
4.
Other ways the government took to stop inflation
a. Rationing of consumer goods
i. Gasoline
ii. Heating fuel
iii. Tires
iv. Coffee
v. Sugar
vi. Meat
viii. Butter
ix. Canned goods
b. Tried to keep wages and prices down
i. Froze wages
i. Until cost of living rose it allowed wages to rise 15%
Churchill and Roosevelt Agreed Early in the War
1. Churchill and Roosevelt met in Washington D.C. two weeks after the assault on
Pearl Harbor
a. Two leaders and their staffs agreed that defeating the Axis powers in Europe
would be the first Allied
priority
b. Allied strategy in the Pacific would be defensive instead of offensive
2. To formalize the alliance, representatives from 26 Allied nations called themselves
the United Nation
a.
Roosevelt and Churchill drafted the Joint Declaration that was signed
i. Promised full military and economic cooperation in the war effort
ii. Agreed that none of them would make a separate peace with the
Axis powers
iii. Endorsed the war aims outlined by Roosevelt and Churchill in
the Atlantic Charter
Importance of Winning the Battle of the Atlantic
1. Continued to need the routes to bring troops, war supplies and food to Europe from
the United States.
2. Destroy Germanys U-boats hold in the Atlantic
a. Important factor was the use of sonar equipment
b. Allies developed fast escort ships for convoys
c. Allies air-bombed German u-boats and submarine yards.
Battle of Stalingrad
1.
2.
Took place in fall of 1942
Soviet Union attacked German troops in Stalingrad
a. Winter was terrible
b. Hitler forbid the Germans to surrender
i. Trapped in the city
ii. Few supplies and little food
c. Axis surrendered in February 1943
i. Less than one third of the original German force remained alive
3. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad and El Alamein broke the momentum of the Axis
advance
Events in the North African War
1.
2.
3.
Italians forces launched an invasion in North Africa in 1940
British at a later date began inflicting heavy damage on the Italians
Hitler sent in the German Afrika Korps
a. Commanded by Rommel
i. Known as the Desert Fox
b. Advanced as far as El Alamein, Egypt by July 1942 and ready for the
final thrust of the Suez
Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East
c.
Axis aircraft all but forced the British navy out of the Mediterranean
i.
Forced Britain to send its hips thousands of miles around Africa
1. The only way to reach Egypt, Middle East and India
d.
Rommel was having shortages of both men and supplies
i.
British used this to their advantage
1. Won a victory at the Battle of El Alamein which turned
the corner for
the Allies in North Africa
Operation Torch
1. British invasion of French North Africa
a. Started on November 8, 1942
2. Purpose was to clear the Axis from North Africa and improve naval control of
the Mediterranean and
Prepare an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943
3. Allies planned an Anglo-American invasion of northwestern Africa
a. Morocco and Algeria territory
i. Normally in the hands of the Vichy French government
b. Believed that the Vichy French would not fight
i. American Consul in Algiers provide such information
4. Allies intended to advance into Tunisia rapidly to attack German forces in the
rear
a. Had to have a secure cooperation from the French forces
5. Allies planned a three-pronged amphibious landing
a. Seize the key ports and airports of Morocco and Algeria at the same time
b. Also targeting Casablanca, Oran and Algiers at the same time
6.
The only fighting that took place was in the port of Algiers.
Tuskegee Airmen’s Heroism
1.
African American military pilots were formed due to a series of legislative
moves by Congress in 1941
2.
Ready for combat duty during the North African campaign
a. Were transported to Casablanca, Morocco and then traveled to Tunis
i. Purpose was to operate against the Luftwaffe
3.
Flyers and ground crews were isolated by racial segregation practices
a.
Result was little guidance from battle-experienced pilots
4.
Group were bounced around between three Air Command groups
5.
First million was to attack the volcanic island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean
a.
Located between Sicily and Tunisia to prepare for the Allied invasion
of Sicily
6.
During the Battle at Anzio, fighter squads of shot down enemy fighters
a.
Shot down a total of 32 German aircraft
b.
Squadron won its second Distinguished Unit Citation in 1944
i.
Attacked German positions on Monastery Hill and bombing a
nearby strong
point to force the German garrison to surrender
7. flew as escorts fro heavy bombers
a. Clamed no bomber escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen had ever been lost
to enemy fire
8. At the end of the war, the Tuskegee Airmen had credited with 109 Luftwaffe
aircraft shot down
D-Day
1.
Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6. 1944
a.
Known as Operation Overlord
b.
Had been prepared since 1943
2. Invasion began with tactical bombing to destroy German communications in
northern France
3. British and American airborne forces landed behind German coastal fortification
in June
a.
Known as the Atlantic Wall
4. After daybreak seaborne troops from Britain and the United States assaulted the
beach fortifications
a.
Men swarmed the shore
5.
United States forces established two beachheads
a.
Utah Beach
b.
Omaha Beach
6.
British troops landed near Bayeux on three beaches
a.
Gold
b.
Juno
c.
Sword
d.
Stopped before Caen
7. Between the two Allied forces wiped out a major part of the German army in August
a.
Opened the way for the Allies to overrun Northern France
Battle of the Bulge Outcome
1.
The German counterattack in the Ardennes
a.
German forces broke a thinly held American front in the Belgian
Ardennes
2.
Germans took advantage of foggy weather to surprise the Allies
a.
Allowed Germans to penetrate deeply into Belgium
i.
Created a bulge in the Allied lines
ii.
Threatened to break through to the north Belgian plain and
take Antwerp
3. American forces help at Bastogne
a.
Surrounded and outnumbered
4. United States attacked the German salient from the north and the south
a.
Allied counterattacks were the result of the weather improving to fly
5.
German forces were destroyed or routed
During the Conquest of Germany Allied Troops Discovered
1.
Encountered tens of thousands of concentration camp prisoners
a.
Prisoners were suffering from starvation and disease.
2. Germans attempted to hide the evidence of mass murder by demolishing the camp
3.
4.
Abundant evidence of mass murder
Confronted unspeakable conditions in the Nazi camps
a. Piles of corpses lay unburied
Extent of Japanese Conquests
1. Conquests included most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
a. Manchuria, China
b. French Indochina
c.
Thailand
d.
Burma
e.
Malaya
f.
Sumatra
g. Java
h. Borneo
i.
Dutch West Indies
j.
New Guinea
k. Solomon Islands
l.
Korea
m. Hong Kong
Battle of Midway
1. Winner of this battle would shift the balance of power in the Pacific
a.
Japan had hoped to destroy the aircraft carriers they had missed at Pearl
Harbor
2. Japan secured New Guinea before this battle
3. The United States had broken the Japanese Code prior to the battle
4.
A defeat would permanently weaken the Japanese navy
a. Lost over 200 naval aviators
5. Japan plan was to lure America’s remaining carriers into a trap and sink them
a.
Intended to occupy Midway Atoll to extend their defenses perimeter
farther from Japan
6. Had Japan captured Midway, the northeastern Pacific Rim would have been
defenseless
a. Would have managed to remove the last capital ship of the United States
fleet
b. Would have ensured naval supremacy in the Pacific
7. Battle was considered the “turning point of the Pacific”
Strategies Used by the United States in Fighting Japan
1. Used a technique called “leapfrogging” across the Pacific
a. Guadalcanal
b. Leyle Islands
c.
Iwo Jima
d.
Okinawa
Kamikazees
1.
Term used for suicide-plane attacks by Japanese pilots
a. Crashed their planes into Allied ships like a bomb
2. Term means “divine wind”
a. Referring to the typhoon that saved Japan from being destroyed by a
Mongol invasion in 1281
Iwo Jima
1. United States invasion was aimed at capturing the airfields on the Island
2. Japan was heavily fortified on the island
a. Bunkers
b. Hidden Artillery
c. Eleven miles of tunnels
3. First attack by the United States on Japanese Home Islands
4. Island had provided an airbase for Japan
a. Could intercept long-range Allied bombers
b. Provided a haven for Japanese naval units who needed support
c. Capture would have meant eliminating problems for the Allies
Okinawa
4.
5.
6.
7.
1. Largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Campaign
2. Referred to as “Typhoon of Steel”
a. Referring to the intense fighting that took place
i. Gunfire
ii. Large number of Allied ships was involved
iii. Number of armed vehicles used to assault the island
Island had large civilian population
a. Approximately 150,000 of them were killed during the fighting
Battle was not expected to be the last by either side
Soviet Union declared war on Japan during August in 1945
Believed this is what an invasion of Japan would be like if the Allies tried
a. Massive losses on both sides
b. Japanese willing to do anything to win for the Emperor
Scientists View of the Atomic Bomb
1.
Mixed feelings among scientists
a. Some believed the use of the Atomic Bomb would save American lives
2. Other scientists felt strong enough against its use to submit a petition to the President
a. Believed it was immoral to use without fair warning to Japan
i. Believed that Japanese officials should view what the bomb could do
and see if they would
surrender
Impact of the Bomb in the World Immediate Future
1.
Beginning of the Cold War
a. Soviet Union concerned that the United States would have an advantage
over them
Peacekeeping
1.
2.
Different opinion as to what should happen to Germany by Soviet Union and Britain
a. Roosevelt acted as a mediator between the two nations
Yalta Conference in 1945
a. Made concessions with Russia
i. Wanted them to join the United Nations
ii. Wanted them to join in the war with Japan
b. Roosevelt convinced Churchill to agree to a temporary division of Germany
i. Four zones that would eventually be reunited
1. Each zone would be ruled under one of these four nations
a. France
b. Soviet Union
c. Britain
d. United States
What Happened to the Surviving Japanese and German Leaders
1. Allies put Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes
a. This followed the discovery of Hitler’s death camps
b. These individuals were charged with crimes against humanity
2. Trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany
a. Some sentenced to death
b. Others sentenced to life in prison
3. Japanese leaders were also arrested and placed on trial
a. Seven of them were sentenced to death
4. Japanese officials in the Philippines, China and other battlegrounds were tried for
atrocities against civilians and
prisoners of war
Japan At the Conclusion of the War
1. American occupation
a. Headed by General MacArthur
2. Nation’s economy was introduced to the free-market practice
3. Government was transformed
a. New Constitution
b. Free elections
c. Democratic government presided over the Emperor
War Affects American Workers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Good for workers
a. Defense Industry boomed
b. Unemployment fell
Women were once again employed
Prices and wage controls averaged a 10% pay raise
Long work hours with overtime
Population Patterns Affected by the Defense Industry
1.
2.
3.
Triggered the greatest mass migration in American history
a. Millions of people poured into California between 1941 and 1944
Towns with defense industries populations doubled or tripled
African Americans left the south for northern cities to work
Home Life Activities during the War
1.
Children were being left with family members, child care centers or alone
a. Fathers fighting the war
b. Mothers working
2. Juveniles without parent supervision became delinquents
3. War helped create new families
a. Long time sweethearts rushed to marry before leaving for war
4. Government passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act to help men return to
civilian life
Treatment of African Americans
1. African Americans made some progress at home
a. Thousands left the south to the Midwest
i. Worked at skilled or semiskilled jobs
2. Discrimination was present where ever they went
a. Civil Rights leader founded an interracial organization
i. Congress of Racial Equality in 1942
3. Racial violence swept across the country
Internment Camps
1. Pearl Harbor resulted in citizens fearing Japanese citizens
a. Fear that they would commit sabotage
b. Resulted in prejudice against Japanese Americans
2. War Department called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans in Hawaii
a. Removal would have destroyed the economy
b. Hinder military operations
3. Military was eventually ordered to place 1,444 Japanese Americans into interment
on Hawaii
4. The west coast of the United States placed 110,000 Japanese Americans into
interment camps
a. Individuals forced to relocate lost everything.
i. Homes
ii. Business
iii. Jobs
iv. Belongings they could not bring with them
5. Japanese American Citizen League pushed the government to compensate those sent
to interment camps
a. Congress authorized $38 million to provide for losses of Japanese families
during that time in 1965
b. In 1978, Regan signed a bill promising $20,000 for every Japanese
American sent to a camp.