Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Reign of Henry VIII 1509-47 1. How effectively did the Tudors restore and develop the powers of the Monarchy? 2. In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period? 3. How did relations with foreign powers change and how was the succession secured? 4. How did English society and economy change & with what effects? 5. How far did intellectual and religious ideas change and develop and with what effects? 6. How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments? Becoming King The Legacy Of Henry VII • In 1485, England was financially and socially unstable following the effects of the War Of The Roses. Through his thirty years on the throne he managed to bring England and the realm to stability. • He was the first monarch to leave their accounts of the throne “in the black”. He left £300,000 in jewels and plates for his successor and £10,000 in cash. • "the crown was vastly stronger than it had been in 1485, but it was no nearer to being absolute“. • There was a substantial flow of income through taxes of different kinds even through some may have been unpopular with the people of England and the nobles. • Henry VII died, leaving peaceful foreign policies so that England wasn’t at war. • He managed to leave an effective way of government where the king could rule with his councillors. Henry VIII initial actions and aims Initial actions Initial aims • • • • • He used his money that was left behind immediately to finance his aggressive foreign policies like the invasion in the south west of France in 1513. He arrested Emspon and Dudley for their illegal ways of obtaining taxes through crown lands during the reign of Henry VII. The conciliar form of government was removed after the increasing influence of Thomas Wolsey in 1514. There were also many cancelled bonds and recognizances and the council learned in law was also abolished. • • He wanted to establish status amongst the European monarchs. He tired to pursuit military glory with led to war with powerful Charles v but with mixed occasional alliances. Another aim was to re-establish the role of the nobility. Nobles didn’t achieve political domination but henry tired to promote their interest of Thomas Wolsey. He also wanted to establish himself as a successful warrior king as he went to war with powerful countries. Henry VIII character • • • • • • Aged 17 No experience of government Little work ethic “the spare, not the heir” Unstable Enjoyed sports and hunting How he became king • In 1502, Henry VIII older brother prince Author died and at 11 years old Henry viii was the heir of England. The following year saw the death of his mother, who he was very close with. • The relationship between henry and his father wasn’t as close as him and his mother, as he favoured his eldest son as it was seen that he would take the throne. • Prince Henry was kept in seclusion in his apartments, which could be reached only through the King's. He was allowed only the company of his tutors, servants and guards • King Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 and the early life of Henry ended when he succeeded to the throne of England when he was nearly 18 years old. Hannah Grainger • 1513: Dean of York and Bishop of Tournai • 1514: Made Bishop of Lincoln then Archbishop of York • 1515: Made Cardinal by Pope Leo X, also became Lord Chancellor in Henry’s government when Warham resigned • 1518: Appointed Papal Legate by Leo X • Henry was in favour of the appointment of Wolsey as it shows the nobility that their status isn’t as powerful/important than they think • He gained a degree at Oxford at the age of 15, therefore his intelligence proved sufficient enough for him to carry out such high positions i.e. Cardinal • Henry wasn’t particularly interested in government, therefore, he left Wolsey in control of the government - Described as the “alter-rex”, meaning the alternative king which could be seen as a threat to Henry’s position as King, which could have been a main reason for his downfall - The nobility was threatened by Wolsey’s appointment as Cardinal due to his background – son of a butcher • • • • Butcher’s son – not from an important background Well educated – went to Oxford His enemies saw him as arrogant and vindictive He used his legal powers as Lord Chancellor and network of informants to intimidate anyone he saw as a rival • Proud and ostentatious • Organised • Able to guess the King’s demands, allowing him to progress further Wolsey’s domestic policies • Law & Order + Being ‘Lord Chancellor meant that Wolsey had full power over law and order. + Wished to change the use of ‘common law’ (used since William the Conqueror) to ‘civil law.’ + Creates court of chancery, using the foundations of ‘civil law.’ (deal with matters such as: civil jurisdiction, property, contracts and wills) + 7% rise in cases being taken to court - Eventually cases became to frequent, meaning the court was slow paced and highly costly. (Matters only made worse by Wolsey being distracted by foreign policy.) - Recorded abuses of power within law, e.g.: Sir Amya Paulet who was sent to court for daily attendance for 5 years and threatened that under the law he would lose everything if he did not attend, (due to Wolsey withholding a personal grudge upon him.) • Star Chamber + Reformed in May 1516. + 10X the amount of cases under Henry VIII’s reign (high percentage of cases came to a judgement) + Political weapon against the nobility (increases Henry’s power) • Finance 1514 (Subsidy): Replacement of the ‘fifteenth and tenths’ taxation (that led to starvation.) + Based upon ability to pay (aided working class families and increased government revenue 1515(Act of Resumption): wished to increase revenue from crownlands (lost due to HernyVIII) - Income decrease by 25,000 per annum + Few crown lands returned 1523(Subsidy): - Parliament grant Wolsey the subsidy to raise funds to fight France Only 150,000 of the 800,000 needed was raised throughout the instalments Clear resentment for the subsidy, War in France was not successful proving pointless 1525(Amicable Grant): More revenue needed to support Henry to attack vulnerable France - Parliament refuse to raise extraordinary revenue Causes near rebellion in East Anglia of 20,000 men Henry had to abandon the grant, whilst the revenue was not collected - BOP: -Collected: £322,099 in subsidies. 240,000 in clerical taxes. 260,000 in forced loans. -Gov Expenditure: 1.7 million between 1509-1520. • Church - As Papal Legate, Wolsey had more power than the Archbishop of Canterbury Enforced wide spread corruption within the church, Personal examples being Wolsey lack of celibacy whilst he continued with his non-residence. Dissolved 30 religious houses in order to raise funding for colleges at Oxford and Ipswitch. Churchmen beginning to take orders from the crown Nonresidence Pluralism Church Corruption Simony - Enclosure - dNepotism Lack of celibacy Wordliness Wolsey wished to stop illegal enclosure: where people were fencing off the ‘common land’ in order to keep sheep/stock and make a considerable profit. 1517: National enquiry. Those found guilty of enclosure were sent to court and ordered to rebuild buildings and restore land for arable purposes. 264 landowners. 222 came to court. 188 clear verdicts. (e.g.: Thomas Moore) Failure. Enclosure continues and rural poverty worsens. Reasons supporting that Wolsey served the king well Foreign Affairs Personality and Positions of • Treaty of London 1518- 20 Power powers signed, brought fame • Wolsey was the son of a to Henry and ended English butcher this meant that he isolation. wasn’t respected by nobles • Treaty of Bruges 1521- Short therefore Wolsey dependant term failure however after on Henry for power. 1525 it created an alliance • Wolsey’s attitude towards with Charles V with the the nobility aided Henry’s marriage of him to Mary. power by decreasing the power of over mighty nobles. Law and Order • Use of Star Chamber Finance and Parliament increased to 120 per year to • National survey 1522 and punish nobles for Henry’s Subsidy 1523 provided Henry Annulment benefit eg. Duke of with money to invade • Found the Leviticus Buckingham 1521 reduced the Northern France. argument ‘If a man shall risk of a rebellion. • Reduced the amount of take his dead brothers wife people in Parliament eg. they shall remain childless’ William Compton which reduced expenditure. Reasons supporting that Wolsey Didn’t serve henry well Law and Order • Punishment of nobles increased, Wolsey’s power overshadows Henry. • Overflow tribunals, unpopularity of Wolsey’s actions created negative attention. Personality and Positions of Power • Arrogant and ostentatious- Hampton court hath pre-eminence. • Didn’t use papal legate powers well 1518+annulment, praemunire. Foreign Affairs Annulment • League of Cognac 1526 and Treaty • Annulment failed due of Amiens 1527 were anti-Hasburg to weaknesses of the this wasn’t a good idea when argument eg. Book of trying to secure annulment as Deuteronomy. Charles had sacked Rome. • Campeggio delayed • Peace of Cambrai 1529- England hearing and was failed to gain anything from it led moved to Rome. to Wolsey’s fall from power. • Eight years peace 1514-1522 didn't fulfil Henry’s military desire eg. Field of Cloth and Gold 1520. Finance and Parliament • Amicable Grant 1525- Henry had to cancel it which was humiliating and didn’t raise enough money for the war. • Wolsey’s personal power after Eltham Ordinances and parliament dismissal ‘alter rex’. The Kings lack of advisors was concerning. Causes of the break with Rome. Love Money Power Henry had fallen out of love with Catherine of Aragon and realised he was most likely not going to get a male heir because of her age and miscarriages she had had before. Henry used the excuse that Catherine was before married to his brother, Arthur, and that the marriage was a sin and demanded a divorce from the Pope. The demand for the divorce was also influenced by the Boleyn faction. Henry loved Anne Boleyn, another reason for the divorce. However, the Pope did not grant the divorce, and Henry knew that if he wanted to have his annulment he would need to break away from the Catholic church. The dissolution of the monasteries began in 1534 and was lead by Cromwell. It began with the Act of First Fruits and Tenths, which taxed the church. They were taxes previously paid to the Pope when a person was appointed, and then one tenth of their income every year. The Act of Supremacy allowed Henry to supervise and reform all religious establishments in England. In 1535 Cromwell sent out the Valor Ecclesiasticus to find out the value of the monasteries. In 1536 the Act for the Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries closed all religious houses with lands valued at under £200 per year. In 1539 the Act of Dissolution of Larger Monasteries was passed which closed all religious houses, except from chantries. The Court of Augmentations was established in 1540, which handled property income from the dissolved monasteries. Gold from the monasteries went to the crown, and so did valuables within them. Statues were defaced, and leftovers (such as valuable building materials) were left to citizens to loot. Some monasteries were left to crumble into ruin. Henry’s power was constantly under threat due to the Pope’s superiority and support within England. In 1528 William Tindale published “Obedience of Christian Men” which said that the Pope is superior to the King. The Pope was also appointing bishops that Henry did not want, and while the Pope still had influence over England, Henry’s power would not be fully established. The Role of Anne Boleyn Why was the Boleyn faction a key part in Wolsey’s fall? Anne wanted Henry to divorce Catherine of Aragon. Henry expected Wolsey to succeed in this because of his work ethic and his position as Cardinal Henry was convinced by Anne that Wolsey was conspiring to delay the divorce, this is because he did not want to go through the political inconvenience of putting a wife aside who was liked by the public. Anne was very popular and had many followers in her court, and she also had support in Parliament. She was friends with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, who secretly married Henry and Anne in 1533 after she fell pregnant. How did her religion affect Wolsey? Although Anne Boleyn was raised Catholic, she was a supporter of the Protestantism in England. She supported the reformation and this aided Henry’s split from the Pope and move religion to the Church of England. Anne was able to influence Henry into filling the Privy Council with reformers. By 1528, the Privy Council had been filled with reformists who wished to see changes in the church. The Anne Boleyn faction constantly fed Henry antiWolsey propaganda, however Anne only joined the faction in 1533, when he failed to annul Catherine and Henry’s marriage. Anne’s father was Thomas Boleyn, the first Earl of Wiltshire and her mother was Lady Elizabeth Howard. Her Uncle was Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard; he was an important member of Henry’s court. These powerful people were a great influence on the Anne Boleyn faction, as they had status and power that could be exploited to take advantage of the dislike of Wolsey. Consequences of the Royal Supremacy Wealth Power The Act of Annates The Act of Supremacy allowed money that passed in 1534 made used to be paid to the Henry the supreme Pope by bishops to head of the church of now be taken by Henry. England. It gave him The Act of First Fruits the power to appoint and Tenths made bishops. Henry the head of the The submission of the church. The church had clergy gave Henry to pay money to him secure power over and 10% of their England. income goes to him. Succession The Act of Succession declared the marriage with Catherine of Aragon as illegal. Mary was made an illegitimate hair (‘bastardised’). Anne Boleyn's marriage to Henry became legit and her child was now the heir to the throne. Changes to Government • • • • • ‘King-in-Parliament’ instead of ‘King and Parliament’. Cromwell chose to use parliament in ways his predecessors never had. He needed the status of statute law to strengthen his changes in the church and government. Government contained representatives of the political nation, meaning any changes it enacted were likely to be implemented smoothly. Thomas Cromwell model of government created departments which received money from prespecified sources –no overlapping – paid out money for reasons that had to be sanctioned first.Each department was rigorously audited. New financial institutes- the Court of Augmentations, the Court of General Surveyors, the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Wards, were created alongside the Privy Chamber to manage Henry’s income from the Church following the dissolution of the monasteries and the break with Rome. • • • • A major reform introduced by Cromwell=Privy Council. Before- council had existed that was made up of up to 100 men to advise the King but very few of them ever attended and the system usually ended up with one strong man dominating, such as Wolsey. Privy Council made up of twenty menspecifically chosen to have responsibility for the day-to-day running of government. The ability of these men and the exclusivity of the Privy Council meant that, in theory, no individual could dominate it, as the men in the Council should have been more than able to ‘hold their own’. The ‘Tudor Revolution’ • • • • • Some believe that Cromwell brought about a revolution that modernised the style of government from medieval ‘personal monarchy’ to a bureaucratic one, with trained officials and departments for specialised undertakings. Debate about whether there was a constitutional, political and bureaucratic revolution(Elton) or if government remained essentially personal and the developments were just recognitions of what was already happening(critics). The Act in Restraint of Appeals suggested England was an independent political body and a single,unitary state with all the power derived from the monarch. This is however a contrast with the reality of 1533, as parts of England held liberties and the King was subject to the Popes views on matters of religious doctrine. To deal with this, an Act of Union with Wales in 1536 reorganised local government in the principality and an Act of Liberties and Franchises removed the special powers of regional nobles . Cromwell's aim was to provide consistent application of the law, not merely to limit the power of magnates. Henry VIII’s Early Foreign Policy 1509-1529 Key Black= Overview Green = Successes Red = Failures 1510 1510 1513 1512 Renewal of Treaty of Formation of the Holy Battle of Spurs Invasion of South West Etaples -Continuation of League A fight between the French Francepeace with France. - Established peace and English. England England prove their England made peace with between major European captured two towns (Tournai strength invading. Sending their biggest enemy and countries. It made an antiand Therouanne) and they 10,000 troops which earned a pension. However it French alliance between received pension. But it increases their image but it only lasted 2 years and he major countries. However it became clear the French was a wasted outcome and missed an opportunity to side was used by Spain to were extremely powerful Ferdinand used it as a with Spain as well. create a distraction. enemies. distraction. 1517 1519 1518 1516 1514 Treaty of Cambrai Charles elected Deaths of Louis and Treaty of Peace with France and - England are left out of as HRE Ferdinand London Mary and Louis XII this treaty. It establishes - He had control - Francis I took over the marriage alliance peace between HRE and over many throne from Louis Establishes -The alliance established France. Also the Duke of countries creating a big threat to peace but the marriage general Albany stirs up trouble including the Henry and Ferdinand's was short-lived as Louis European between Scotland and HRE. son pursued a French died (1516) leaving peace. England on Francis’ 1520 alliance. England isolated. 1525 1526 command. The Field of Cloth of Gold Battle of Pavia 1522-23 League of Cognac - A meeting held between - Fought between Charles V and Invasion of Northern - Anti-Hasburg treaty Francis and Henry. Good France but England joined in. France concerned with Charles’ relations were reinforced. One of the de la Pole brothers - English armies invade power. It was put together But it cost £15,000, nothing was killed which was good for France. Campaigns gained by the Pope to counter was achieved, Henry lost a Henry but he showed his lack of little but proved costly. balance excessive power wrestling match bruising his strategic awareness, was obliged Parliament were reluctant in Italy. However it led to ego and conflict arose to back down and Charles to grant the extraordinary the emergence of the between Francis I and repudiated his marriage to revenue to cover costs. ‘King’s Great Matter’ Charles V. 1529 Princess Mary . because of Charles. Points to consider Peace of Cambrai • There is far more red than green A peace treaty between major European countries . Ended wars between on the whole France, HRE and Italy. The French gave up their ambitions. However in • There is more red towards the the short term England were left out of the treaty keeping them isolated middle and nearing the end and in the long term it meant Henry couldn’t get his divorce so had a opposed to the beginning of his negative impact on England as a whole. foreign policy START END Overall Success/Failure? Key Words in foreign policy 1509-1529 Henry’s early foreign policy was ultimately a failure because the two last components of it i.e. The League of Cognac and the Peace of Cambrai. - Consequences The League of Cognac and the Peace of Cambrai treaties especially meant that Henry couldn’t get his divorce from Catherine of Aragon because of the role of Charles V which led to the Break with Rome and the Reformation. Furthermore it Countries also meant that England Involved remained a relatively minor power in Europe because- France their alliances kept falling- Spain Italy apart. - Holy Roman Empire Alliance- Marriage Peace - Cost (Money) Power Control Conflict The King’s Great Matter Henry VIII’s Early Foreign Policy 1509-1529 (continued) DOQ (Depends on Question) - Time Henry’s early foreign policy became more unsuccessful towards the end. So your DOQ in exams could be the time the question includes if Themes in Henry’s foreign policy - Wars Alliances Peace (Treaties) Propaganda (i.e. The Field of Cloth of Gold) Countries Biggest Success 1513 Battle of Spurs England captured two towns (Tournai and Therouanne) and they also received pension. This improved their control over some parts of France and meant they got more money. Worst Failure 1529 Peace of Cambrai In the short term England were left out of the treaty keeping them isolated but in the long term it meant Henry couldn’t get his Key Red= Henry’s aims Henry condensed. Events (in order) VIII’s Early Foreign Policy 1509-1529 – Henry’s aims for each event Henry’s aims Renewal of Treaty of Etaples Continue the peace between England and France, as France could invade England easily if not. Formation of the Holy League Holding balance of power (no single country can dominate or interfere with another). This was a superior aim as it meant England didn’t look weak. Invasion of South-West France Henry was obsessed with being a ‘Warrior King’ and so was devoted to going to war to establish himself. He wanted to prove that England were undefeatable. Battle of Spurs Henry wanted to claim parts of France so he could gain more power for England. Peace with France and Mary and Louis XII marriage Henry’s aim was to re-establish peace again with France and secure this by marrying his daughter to sustain the alliance. Deaths of Louis and Ferdinand Henry’s aim here would be to make sure he stayed allies with France as the new ruler (Francis I) threatened England’s position. Treaty of Cambrai This withdrew the idea of holding a balance of power which meant Henry’s aims grew towards securing England’s isolated position elsewhere. Treaty of London Holding balance of power (no single country can dominate or interfere with another). This was a superior aim as it meant England didn’t look weak. Charles elected as HRE Henry’s aim was to now form an alliance with Charles as he had control over a lot of land including the Netherlands, Spain and the HRE. This would benefit England. The Field of Cloth of Gold Meant that England could once again reinforce its relations with other countries however Henry failed and bruised his ego instead. Invasion of Northern France Henry aimed to prove England’s strength and use the invasion as a means of propaganda in favour of England. Battle of Pavia Aimed to show that England would make good allies by joining in on another countries battle. However Henry did the opposite highlighting his lack of strategy. League of Cognac Holding balance of power (no single country can dominate or interfere with another). This was a superior aim as it meant England didn’t look weak. Peace of Cambrai England were left isolated in this event and so Henry’s aim of holding balance of power failed. Therefore his aim was to look elsewhere for a balance of power. LATER FOREIGN POLICY By Victoria LATER FOREIGN POLICY Protestant allies The 1530’s consisted of a constant threat to the South-East of Europe from the Ottoman Empire. Cromwell ignore this threat and only focused on controlling the English Church. England failed to gain an ally against the Catholic countries which they needed. Henry’s divorce of Catherine angered Emperor Charles V so the most suitable ally was France however, this was not created. England then faced huge threats from an alliance of two catholic nations, who had the Pope’s support. Due to this threat Henry insisted on publishing the Six Articles in June 1539. Cromwell arranged a marriage between the King and Anne however, Henry proved to be very dissatisfied with her appearance. They divorced a year later, ending the German alliance. SCOTLAND 1540-47 Henry failed to negotiate a agreement with James V which would have secured England’s security. Henry was humiliated in the process. Henry once against tried to strengthen England with Scotland by the marriage of Edward, his son, to Mary. However, this was another failure known as the Treaty of Greenwich. The Earl of Hertford carried out raids on the border regions which became known as ‘rough wooing’ of Scotland. Overall, Henry did prevent Scotland and France from attacking him, however, this was a costly process which effected the rest of the Tudor reign. LATER FOREIGN POLICY Ireland Ireland always posed some involvement with Henry’s foreign policy. Henry saw them as a danger and rebellious. This is due to the Irish leading family (Fitzgeralds) had supported Simnel and Burgundy. The control Henry had over Ireland was very limited. Thomas Fitzgerald led a rebellion against England when Henry became head of Church but this was soon crushed. To prevent further attacks Henry used royal authority to spread principles of English common law across the country. Analysis of H8’s later foreign policy. • 1. Comeback on Break with Rome – 1534 Not really. Luck – Charles concerned with Ottomans • 2. League of Schmalkalden – 1531 German states supporting Lutheranism Failure – mutual mistrust • 3. 1536 – Pressure reduced on H8 Luck – Death of C of A. Exec’n of AB. Charles = happier, + he was fighting Francis I • 4. 1538 – Henry is weaker. Excuses; Ch & Fr signed Treaty of Nice. Pope Paul III excommunicated H8. Tried to get support from Fr and Scot for invasion. Led to Act of 6 Articles. Success – no invasion • 4a. 1540 – Seeking Protestant allies. Failure – Marriage to A of C. League of Schmalkalden ineffective again. Analysis cont…. • 5. 1542 – Invasion of Scotland Success. Defeat of Scots at Solway Moss • 6. Treaty of Greenwich – 1543. Betrothal of Edward to M,Q of S. Failure – Scot. Parlt. Refused to ratify. Led to raid by Earl of Hertford on Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews • 7. Analysis of policy towards Scotland Failure – Should have forced home success militarily in 1542. • 8. 1544 – Attack on France. Success – Alliance with Ch. V. Captured Boulogne. Failure – Ch V made sep peace with Fr. Unsuccessful besieging of Montreuil. • 9. 1545 – French revenge Failure. Fr landed on Isle of Wight. Fr sent troops to Scotland. England lost at Ancrum Moor. Mary rose sank. Success – Fr failed to recapture Boulogne Luck – Fr didn’t invade N. England with Scot. • 10. It all ended happily ever after – or did it? Success – Peace in 1546 Failure – Cost!! Led to debasement and inflation. Society – Poor law, impacts of the dissolution of the monasteries and religious upheaval Lead to Impacts of the Dissolution of the monasteries Dissolution of the monasteries Benefiters: • Kings and nobilities; They gained great amount of wealth. ( total value of the dissolution amounted to 10% of the entire wealth of the nation) They sold of monasteries to raise money and the lad was sold at full market value. Nobles brought their property to strengthen their existing regional holdings. Lead to • • • Religious upheaval The closure of these strongholds held the possibility that a return to Catholicism in England was unlikely. Influential people opposed the divorce of Henry VIII such as Sir Thomas More Many monks also preached against the divorce after the dissolution of the monasteries Losers: • Lead to- Inhabitants of the monasteries and local communities around them; The services they provided to local people became limited Monks and nuns lost their work Library's had been demolished and their books been destroyed And… The Pilgrimage of Grace(late 1536- early 1537) • • • • • • • • • • • Worst uprising of Henry VIII’s reign. Major threat to the government as those in rebellion weren't just common people. Result of the dissolution of the monasteries two rebellions broke out, one in Lincolnshire and one in Yorkshire. Began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 1536 and lasted from 2nd to the 18th. The rebellion in Lincolnshire was easily dealt with, because it lacked leaders of any quality. 50 rebels were executed. Yorkshire – led by the lawyer Robert Aske. Got together army of 30,000 men, against Henry 8,000 men (King’s forces were hopelessly outnumbered. Soldiers lacked equipment). They adopted a banner showing the five wounds of Christ. Aske wanted no killing or stealing. 40,000 men were involved in the uprising overall October 24th, Aske and his army had captured York, and were joined by the Archbishop of York, and Thomas Darcy, a powerful local Baron. The Pilgrimage of Grace made the demands some of which was the return of the Pope's power in England and the removal of Cromwell from power. Henry knew he couldn’t win in a battle so had to stall Aske. He sent Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk to discuss terms with Aske. He agreed to all the demands that Aske made saying that nobody who took part in the rebellion would be punished. A few days later, Henry met Aske and said that Aske could have everything he wanted so long as the Aske's followers went back to their homes. Henry lied and when Aske dismissed his army, and then Henry acted by sending his army into Yorkshire. Aske was captured and held in prison for 6 months then hanged. Over 200 rebels including some monks were hanged. The other leaders were also executed. The pilgrimage achieved nothing and received no support from other parts of the country. Henry VIII economy Trade • Volume of English trade increased during first half of 16th century- continued rise in cloth exports, but market for raw wool declined. • An increasing proportion of exported cloth was routed through London. • Caused a negative impact on other ports, especially Bristol and east-coast ports such as Hull and Boston. • Southampton enjoyed a boom, especially in trade with Venice, but it was short-lived and over by the middle century. • Increase in cheaper fabrics such as kersey ( a coarse woollen cloth which was lighter than the traditional English broadcloth and which took its name from the village of kersey in Suffolk). • 70% of cloth exports were transported by english merchants from the 1550’s, much of the trade was in foreign hands before this. • Woollen industry grew in first half of 16th century in order to keep up with increasing demand. • The woollen industry operated largely on domestic basis with children carding the wool, women spinning and men weaving it. • Three areas that saw the greatest growth in the cloth industry were the West Riding of Yorkshire, East Anglia and parts of the West Country. • The work was not always secure and this could lead to poverty. • However, serious profits to be made especially by rich and entreuprenurial clothiers who were able to accumulate wealth and their social status. Exploration • Henry VIII was uninterested in exploration, he did not continue to build on early achievements of Cabot and the Bristol merchants at end of 15th century. • Henry therefore hindered any progression within exploration as other merchants who were interested in further exploration were not able to gain royal support. • Cabot remained in Spain for most of Henry’s reign, he came back when Edward VI took the throne as on his return to England, Henry VII had died, and Henry VIII showed no interest in pursuing the exploration further. In 1512, when in Spain with an English mission, Cabot transferred his allegiance to the Castilian service. • Henry’s view on exploration and reluctance to help it to continue and progress would have negatively affected England. It stopped new ideas and England to grow as a country. Prosperity and depression Positive Negative John Guy- ‘England was economically healthier, more expansive • Bad harvests led to temporary increases in food prices. Food and more optimistic under the Tudors than at any time since the prices almost doubled during Henry VIII’s reign. John Guy has suggested that this caused problems in particular Roman occupation’ for urban workers. Support this view• • Real wages began to decline for many. This process was at its worst at the end of Henry’s reign when the effects of Population began to grow significantly from about 1525 with, debasement were particularly evident. allowing for fluctuations, a decline in the rate of mortality. • • From the 1520’s, agricultural prices rose significantly, therefore there was an increase in farming incomes, enhanced in some cases by the practice of engrossing ( joining together of two or more farms to make a single agricultural unit; it could be seen as improving efficiency and output at the cost of rendering families homeless). Debasement ( reduction of silver content of coins and its replacement by base metal; they were regarded with suspicion and, as a result, merchants and shop keepers put up their prices which increased the rate of inflation whose impact was greatest on low wage earners) of the coinage created a short-term artificial boom in 1544 to 1546, but a long-term cost to living standards. • Over ½ of the population of Coventry were recorded as having no personal wealth. The same was the case for 1/3 of the population of Yarmouth. • Evidence of growing unemployment amongst rural labourers, many moved to towns and cities. • There were over 5000 migrants a year adding to the population of London. • Some people made homeless on account of engrossing through its extent and effects are difficult to determine and legislation regarding the problem was ineffective. Religion Under Henry VIII Religion in 1529 and Build Up to the Break with Rome It was in 1529 that Henry decided to intensely pressure the clergy in England and Pope Clement into allowing him the divorce. He did this by restricting the influence of the Catholic Church in England, as a method to threaten a break. - However, Henry was very reluctant to break with Rome, having written the ‘In Defence of the Seven Sacraments’ defending the Pope’s religious authority and being a strong Catholic himself. This is obvious because Henry delayed the Act of Annates (1532) by a year and it was only implemented with the King's approval. o Thomas Cromwell – He was a reformer who believed that changes in religion should be used to perfect religion and was highly critical of people who saw reforms as purely way to achieve the annulment or get power for themselves. HE gained Henry’s favour after he depicted Richard III as a murderous and evil tyrant. In 1529, he became a member of Parliament and in 1531, he became a member of the Royal Council and in charge of the King’s ‘Great Matter.’ o Influence of Anne Boleyn – Anne and her family were very Protestant, and she used her position to show Henry Protestantism as a method for him to increase his power and get his annulmnt. She did this by introducing him to Tyndale’s ‘Thhe Obediance of the Christian Man’, which stated that the king was in charge of the country and the Pope had no real influence on how the country was run. Religion Under Henry VIII The Break with Rome 1532 – The Supplication Against the Ordinaries 1532 –The Submission of the Clergy Feb 1533 –The Act in Restraint of Appeals A survey conducted by Cromwell, were he tried to find out how much the Church’s land was worth, and the abuses of the Church, which was really just accusations. This was the point after Henry ‘pardoned’ the clergy for supporting Wolsey and his abuse of power, where they made a compromise where the English clergy said that Henry was the head of Church ‘as far as good would allow’. In February, one month after Henry’s secret marriage to Anne, the Act in Restraint of Appeals was passed. Which allowed a trial to be held for the annulment, which didn’t allow Catherine to appeal to the Pope for help. The trial was held under Archbishop Cranmer and the verdict was that Catherine and Arthur’s marriage was consummated making Henry and Catherine’s marriage void. 1532 – The Act of Annates 1532 – Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury June 1533 – Anne was crowned After the death of Warham’s death, Henry suggested reformer bishop, Cranmer for the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer was a loyal servant to Henry first, and a religious leader second. Anne was crowned queen and she gave birth to Elizabeth in September. Taxes paid to the Pope by the country were instead paid to Henry. This made Henry appear more in control and put pressure on the Pope and the Church to give Henry want he wanted. 1534 – Royal Supremacy by Act of Parliament Acknowledged Henry as Head of the Church, along with all the rights, as if he held the right all along. It also included the Treason Act, so denying him was punishable by death. Religion Under Henry VIII Impact of Reformation on Europe Before the Reformation: o Anti-clericalism wasn’t new at all, it just wasn’t a very popular movement. o Ideas stemmed from Luther, who was a Catholic, who still believed in the essence and basic religion, but was horrified by the abuses that were seemingly instilled in the Catholic faith. o The main difference was that Protestants believed more in tolerance and that religion was between man and God, and not the symbols that got in the way. Europe, being mainly Catholic, was horrified by England’s sudden change in religion. So when Henry started to make allies after the Reformation, Henry had to revert to Catholicism slightly in the form of the Six Articles, 1539, which removed the most of the reforms. Even though, England did go back to the reforms, it demonstrated Europe’s attitude towards the Reformation and how Henry had to do what they wanted in order to get their support. · Causes for the dissolution of the monasteries: Corruption, abuses and decline ??? Gave Henry a reason for dissolving the monasteries Excuse? – was corruption more than that in the clergy Some monasteries empty - fewer than 12 monks Had servants to manage day to day running and accumulated luxuries – spending money received from their rented lands on alcohol and feasts – NOT a simple lifestyle Rumors of not following laws of Chasity Income Cromwell’s Valor Ecclesiasticus survey in 1535 showed that monasteries were extremely wealthy Support of the nobility Seizure of land could be distributed to the nobility to buy their support Removal of resistance Symbol of roman Catholicism Potentially 2x the crown income Additional property (30% land) Constant reminders of the catholic church – despite the oath potential centers of resistance for royal supremacy Against Protestant theology One of the jobs of the monasteries and chanceries was to “ pray for the salvation of souls” against protestant theology of individual faith in god Own idea Needed money to fund wars and maintain lavish lifestyle Process of the dissolution of the monasteries: • Act of First Fruits and Tenths 1534 • Allowed Henry 8 to tax the church. Used to pay the pope. (First Fruits) when a person was appointed to a position and then 1/10 of their income every year. • Act of Supremacy 1534 • Parliment acknowledge Henry 8 as the supreme head of the Church of England • Valor Ecclesiasticus "value of the church" 1535 • Cromwell sends commissionars to survey the value of monastic lands and properties and a report is to be produced "VE" • Act for the dissolution of the smaller monastries 1536 • Based on VE findings. Parliment passed the Act - Closed all religious houses with lands valued under £200 - New commisonars were sent out to supervise these closures • Act for the dissolution of larger monastries 1539 • Extending the closeure to all religious houses except chanceries • By 1540 all religious houses dissolved • Court of Augmentations 1540 • Richard Rich - Chancellor • Court to handle the property and (wealth) income from the dissolved monastries and redistribute this The effects of the dissolution of the monasteries Positives: Protestants – Closure of the strongholds of the catholic ritual dealt a great blow to the possibility of the return of Catholicism to England. Money – 10% of the entire wealth of the kingdom – all came to Henry in one great transfer in the 1530’s Growth of the lesser gentry – Held monastic lands as a way of establishing their presence in local community – change in society from traditional ruling elite to a more widely-based ruling class Henry VIII – had the money to fulfil his ambitious foreign policy Nobility – Gained land – more loyal to Henry – Gain his support Negatives: Monasteries – valuables confiscated and melted down even the lead from the roofs / sold of too become houses for the wealthy or were crumbling ruins Libraries – Books held by learning monasteries – sons and daughters of well off families may go to receive part of their education – Books taken by private collects or burned Monks – lost their work and accommodation – Compensation in form of pensions or one off payments – wealthier you were more likely you were to receive (friars and nuns didn’t get much) - 1/5 managed to secure other paid pensions within the church Money – Did little to help the monarchy’s financial independence Land – Henry had sold more than ½ of the monastic land at full market value in the years 1543 -1547crown lost control of these lands and the possibility of collecting taxes from these lands in the future Peasants – monasteries helped ordinary people e.g. “pray for the dead” gave hospitality Differences in the catholic church and the protestant church: Roman Catholic X Protestant Lectern (minister read the bible from the lectern) Statues X Stain glassed windows X X Chalice (Small ornate cup wine drank from) 10 commandments on the wall in English Flagon (Jug everyone drinks from) Alter (ornate- gold/ silver) where the miracles take place Rood screen (special area) Wooden table (nothing special takes place there) X White wafer Bread X X Coat of Arms Pulpit (where preaching occurs) Reasons Protestants believed you had contact with God through reading the bible (reading religion) Protestants believed you should not worship idol images Roman Catholic services in Latin images used to explain the service and to help people understand. Protestants believed images/pictures were distracting Reading religion to remind church goers RC- ‘Communion in one kind” – only priest drink wine and blood of Christ (contact with god) P- “communion in both kinds” everyone drinks the wine and has the bread Separates the congregation from the priest where the miracles take place White wafer – special as turns into the body of Jesus Monarch is head of the Church Important in Protestantism Protestantism – CONSUBSTANTIATION – no miraculous change – you eat and drink to remember Jesus Catholicism – TRANSUBSTANTIATION - miracle that happens when one takes the bread it becomes the body of Christ – change of state The extent of religious change in the 1530s Doctrines at the end of H8 reign Rise of the Howard Family – 1538-40: 4/10 • Head of the family Duke of Norfolk, was largely responsible for getting parliament to agree to the SAA (1539) • Enough for 2 reforming bishops Latimer + Shaxton to resign. 1 Role of Stephen Gardiner 4/10 • Bishop of Winchester • Conservative (but did support the break with Rome) & one of the King’s secretaries • Wrote a pamphlet as propaganda to defend the Church from Protestant heresy with the title ‘De Ver Obedientia’ (’True Obedience’.) • Wives to husbands, servants to masters • “All must obey the ruler whom God put in authority over them” The fall of Cromwell- 28 July 1540: 3/10 • Failure to manage the King’s marital affairs / enforce the Six Articles Act • Key Protestant reformer • Conservatives: increased access to the king through the marriage of Catherine Howard (same day as Cromwell’s execution) Act of Six Articles – June 1539: 2/10 • Reasserted Catholic doctrine • Denial of transubstantiation seen as heretical • Confirmed private masses • Banned the marriage of priests • Banned the taking of communion in both kinds (Protestant) 5/10 Main doctrines remained catholic: • Only clergy could received both the bread and the wine • Belief of transubstantiation • All the seven Catholic sacraments remained in force Some Protestantism: • Great Bible of 1539 authorised E version and replaced the Latin version • No. of saint days reduced to 25 The Bishops Book July 1537: 5/10 • Restored the four ‘lost’ sacraments, though stated to be of a lesser value • No discussion of transubstantiation • Special status of priests were understated Role of Catherine Parr: 6/10 • Close to the Seymour family • Protestant sympathiser • Gathered P scholars around her at court and allowed them to manage the education of Edward &Elizabeth • Ensured Edward & Elizabeth were both firmly in favour of P Role of Anne Boleyn: 6/10 • Advocate of Church reform • Drew Henry’s attention to the work of Tyndale (1st English translation of the bible based on his work) • Protected heretics e.g. Forman • Encouraged appointment of reformers to positions of power & influence e.g. Latimer + Shaxton to Bishop’s posts and Cramner to Archbishop of Canterbury,1532 The Ten Articles - July 1536: 6/10 • Only 3 Sacraments [Instead of 7 in catholic doctrine], baptism, penance and Eucharist, were seen as necessary to salvation (Protestant) but the definition of Eucharist was ambitious • Confession (Catholic) was praised. • Praying to saints for remission of sins was rejected (Protestant) but praying to saints for other purposes was still seen as ‘laudable’ • Sig: ambiguous document which showed both protestant & catholic influences on the development of doctrine Role of Cromwell: 8/10 • Managed campaign for reform in parliament • Issued Ten Articles of Faith – “devised by the King’s highness’s majesty to establish Christian quietness and unity” • Appointed Vicegerent in Spirituals (Jan 1535) – second only to King and outranked Archbishops (evidence to the swing to reformist influence over Henry) • Masterminded the dissolution of the monasteries- Valor Ecclesiasticus survey in 1535, Act for dissolution of monasteries Royal Injunctions – August 1536: 6.5/10 • Issued by Cromwell to the Clergy • Ordering the clergy to: 1. Defend the Royal Supremacy in sermons 2. Abandon pilgrimages 3. Give money for educational purposes to teach children the Lord’s Prayer, the 10 commandments and other scripture 10 Translation of the Bible – August 1537: 8/10 • “Matthew Bible” • English translation • Based on the work of Tyndale • Distinctly protestant version • 1538: a royal proclamation ordered that a copy should be placed in every parish church. Dissolution of the monasteries: 7/10 • ‘Valor Ecclesiasticus’ survey 1535 – wealth and conditions of the church • Dissolution of lesser monasteries (Feb 1536) those worth under £200 • Dissolution of Greater monasteries (June 1539) – land passed to crown Summary of the extent of religious change in the 1530’s P Dissolution of the Greater Translation of MonasteriesRoyal Injunctionsthe Bible -August June Role of Cromwell - August Dissolution of the Lesser monasteries Feb The 10 Articles – Role of AB appointments July Role of Catherine Parr Married July The Bishops Book – July Doctrines at the end of H8 reign Rise of the Howard Family: Specifically DoN and Catherine Howard The fall of Cromwell 28th July Marries Catherine Howard July Act of Six Articles - June C 153 153 153 153 0 1 2 3 153 4 153 5 153 6 153 7 153 8 153 9 154 0 154 3 154 7 Henry’s final years and the succession: Factions Leanna and Charlotte Factions during Henry vii reign. Rivalry was mainly between Reformist and conservatives factions but they Boleyn and Aragonese and White Rose were some other evident factions throughout his reign. Anti- reformation. Against the divorce. – conservative Pro- reformation. Wanted Anne as Queen. – Boleyn Supported Catherine as queen. Upheld traditional religious views.- Aragonese Pro reformation – Radical reformers/ Evangelicals Consisted of remaining Yorkist. Aim was to remove henry viii from power.- White Rose The power struggle – 1539= Act of 6 articles. Strongly favoured the conservatives 1540= Marriage to Anne of Cleves. Although it was a protestant alliance it was short lived, with a separation after 3 months and divorce after 6. Fall of Cromwell – a win for the conservatives although there is evidence to support Henry quickly regretted his execution. Marriage to Catherine Howard – meant the conservatives had more access to Henry as she was the Duke of Norfolk niece. Although the marriage was short lived and she was executed for treason through adultery in 1542. Although the duke of Norfolk tried to distance himself from Catherine the incident had serious damage on the conservative group. Power struggle continued: 1543Conservative (Gardiner) attempt to oust Cranmer but the king rejected the claims and placed Cranmer in charge of the investigation to the claims which placed the conservatives at a disadvantage. Catherine Parr married. She was a protestant sympathiser and managed the education of Edward and Elizabeth raising them as protestants unlike Mary Tudor. This granted huge power to the reformist as it meant the next heir (Edward) would be protestant. 1546- Catherine Parr implicated for heresy but Henry viii refused to act. This is another sign of strengthened reformist power. 1546/7 – Earl of Hertford (reformist) gained sway at court after success in a battle Againts Scotland. Meanwhile Gardiner (conservatives) was excluded from privy chamber. Most importantly Denny (reformist) gained access to the dry stamp which meant he could legalise any document gaining the reformists huge amounts of power. 1547 – Norfolk was arrested and his son the earl of surrey was executed for outwardly speaking about there claim to a throne at a uneasy time due to henry ill health and the fact that Edward was under 18 and unable to rule immediately. By Henry death the reformist were clearly in power and while keeping Henry death a secret it allowed Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset) to place himself Lord protector of Edward and make the regency of 16 largely dominated by reformists. The succession act (1544) • • • • Introduced to ensure son (Edward VI) had a safe succession Members from pole family executed The act was approved by parliament in 1453 , given royal assent 1544 Named Edward as Henrys heir, then Mary, then Elizabeth as next in line to throne The succession act and factionalism (1546-47) • • • • • • Reform Faction was dominant towards the end of Henrys reign (Parr survived, Edward Seymour position at court as well as Edwards uncle and military commander) 1546- Sir Anthony Denny made chief gentleman of Henrys Privy chamberHuge influence as he could control who came in and out and whether king was fit enough for visitors (power) Denny arrest Norfolk and Surrey Denny given access to dry stamp- HUGE influence, could edit documents before signing and legalise any document chose (dangerous). Changed henrys will with use of stamp (Regency council established to rule on Edwards behalf) 1547- Surrey executed Henry VIII- An overview Henry’s reign lasted for 38 years- from 1509 to 1547. When he died in January 1547, his heir, Prince Edward, was only 9 years old. Continuity and change during Henry VIII’s reign Change Continuity Government • Tudor monarchy more powerful- Royal Supremacy, Treason Act • ‘Tudor revolution’- 4 new courts, power of parlt. increased, control over country e.g. Act of Union • Willing to delegate responsibility to others e.g. Wolsey/ Cromwell • Importance of Privy Chamber Foreign policy • Initially aggressive- ‘Renaissance warrior’ • Then peaceful & dominated by Break w. Rome • Final return to aggressive policy e.g. War in France 1540s • Throughout no clear strategy/ alliance, always dependent on circumstances- couldn’t compete with Habsburgs/ France in power/wealth. Religion • Break w. Rome- jurisdiction of Pope destroyed • Dissolution of monasteries- transfer of resources from church to crown • Religious culture influenced by humanism • 6 Articles Act & fall of Cromwell weakened cause of religious reform- Catholic views still widespread in 1547 • Only approx. 20% Londoners Protestant in 1547 Society • Rapid population growth from 1525- strain on food/ resources • Lack of support for religious upheaval = rebellions • Feudal system still existed: nobles/ gentry/ commoners Economy • Debasement of coinage 1544-46 (financial instability) • 184% increase in price of consumables • Woolen cloth exports doubled, agricultural prices rose significantly • H8 uninterested in exploration- lack of development Causation • Many changes due to H8’s character. • Ruthlessness: often executed for treason. • Impulsiveness: speed of his marriages, naïvety in foreign policy (often unsuccessful). • Even when H8 wasn’t the direct cause, others were only able to make changes due to his willingness to delegate responsibility. Significance? • Most significant were changes in govt. as these dictated role of monarch and also influenced other factors e.g. debasement was due to need for money for H8’s foreign policy. Without changes in govt. such as Treason Act, changes to religion couldn’t have been implemented as smoothly as opposition couldn’t have been controlled to same extent. • But most of these were due to Cromwell rather than the result of Henry’s work. • DO: Are we talking about whether the changes were significant for H8/ members of govt. or for ordinary people? For H8, changes in govt./foreign policy more significant, but for ordinary people, religion/ society had most impact on lives.