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Objective:
Origin of Life and
Classification
Essential Question: How does science help us explain how all
life came to be on Earth and how new discoveries have helped
us to redefine the classification of organisms?
Bellringer:
pg 144 ISN
What role does molecular evidence play
in determining how closely two species
are related to each other?
For this two day lesson cycle you will use your own personalized
menu as a way to keep track of the assignments that are
expected of you.
MENU
LESSON
 Some are whole group—and everyone will be required to
complete them
 Some are small group
 Some are individual
 Some I have chosen for you and others you have choice options
Phylogeny—the evolutionary history for a group of organisms.
Classification according to how organisms are related uses evidence
from living species, the fossil record and molecular data.
Origins of Life
Words to
Know
Cladogram—An evolutionary tree that proposes how species may
be related through common ancestors.
Derived Character—Traits that are shared by some organisms but
not present in others.
Nodes—Each place where a branch splits on a Cladogram
Carolus Linnaeas—A Swedish botanist who derived a standardized
way to classify living things.
Classification
Taxon—A group of organisms in a classification system . The most
basic taxon in the Linnaean System is SPECIES
Binomial Nomenclature—A two part scientific naming system. In
Latin. Uses the Genus name and the Species name. Genus is
Capitalized; species is lowercase.
Bellringer
Top of Pg 147
ISN
According to this Cladogram what characteristics would you expect the Tuna to have?
The Turtle?
The correct order for the levels of Linnaeus’s classification system, from general
to specific, is
a. kingdom, species, class order, family, genus, phylum.
b. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
c. phylum, kingdom, family, class, order, genus, species.
d. species, genus, kingdom, family, order, class, phylum.
Linnaean
Classification
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
2. Which of the following is correctly written in the binomial nomenclature
system?
a. Canis lupus
b. Red wolf
c. Ailurus Fulgens
d. kingdom
3. Which of the following taxa would generally contain the most members?
a. order
b. species
c. phylum
d. class
Origins of Life
Bellringer: Pg
153 in your ISN
 What are the essential ingredients for life as we
know it?
 Can you remember the important organic
molecules?
Classification is always a work in progress
New findings can lead scientists to
change how they classify living things
DOMAINS and
KINGDOMS
REVIEW VOCAB:
PROKARYOTES vs EUKARYOTES
HETEROTROPH vs AUTOTROPH
 2 kingdom system was accepted by scientists until
1866 when German biologist proposed moving all
single celled organisms to Protist group.
Changes in the
Kingdoms
 In 1938 American biologist Herbert Copeland argued
that prokaryotes deserved their own kingdom, called
Monera, based on whether to not they had membrane
bound nuclei/organelles
 In 1959 American ecologist Robert Whittaker proposed
that because of how they feed, fungi should have their
own kingdom apart from plants.
 In 1977 rRNA research by Carl Woese reveled two
genetically different groups of prokaryotes—leading to
a split in that kingdom. Scientists split that kingdom in
two—Bacteria and Archaea

DOMAINS are
added to
taxonomy
 Woese’s findings led to the discovery that these
organisms, Bacteria and Archea were so
genetically different that the other kingdoms
that a whole new taxonomy level was added—
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
 The domain Bacteria include single celled prokaryotes.
They are the largest group of organisms on earth.
There are more bacteria in one persons mouth than
there are people that ever lived!
 Bacteria can be classified based on many traits—
examples: Shape, need for oxygen and whether or not
they cause disease.
ARCHAEA
 Like Bacteria Archaea are also single celled
prokaryotes. However their cell wall chemistry is very
different.
 Archaea can live in very extreme conditions such as
Deep Sea Vents, Hot Geysers, Antarctic waters and salt
lakes
 All organisms with Eukaryotic cells
 They have a distinct nucleus and membrane bound
organelles.
EUKARYOTES
 They may be single celled like most protists, or live in
colonies like algea or multicellular like you.
 The DOMAIN Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms—Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
 RESEARCH THE KINGDOMS
 Choose a group of three other students. Together you will learn
about the 4 KINGDOMS
YOUR
ASSIGNMENT
 Each one of you will choose a specialty Kingdom and research it in
the text book and follow the directions on your handout about
creating a poster to teach the other members of your group.
 After 30 minutes you will return to your group and teach the
others about your kingdom. Each student will take notes into their
ISN following the template on the board.