Download Chapter 12 Identifications By Marly Vera

Chapter 12 Vocabulary
Vera, Marly
A.P. World History
Period 03
1. Mongols- One of the great races of man, including the greater part of the inhabitants of
China, Japan, and the interior of Asia, with branches in Northern Europe and other parts
of the world. By some American Indians are considered a branch of the Mongols. In a
more restricted sense, the inhabitants of Mongolia and adjacent countries, including the
Burats and the Kalmuks. A member of any of the traditionally nomadic peoples of
Mongolia.
2. Ghenghis Khan- Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth
centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions
of northern China and southwestern Asia. 2) Mongol conqueror who united the Mongol
tribes and forged an empire stretching from China to the Danube River and into Persia. In
1206 he took the name Genghis Khan
3. Nomadism- a member of a people or tribe that has no permanent abode but moves about
from place to place, usually seasonally and often following a traditional route or circuit
according to the state of the pasturage or food supply. member of a group of people who
have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of
food, water, and grazing land. A person with no fixed residence who roams about; a
wanderer.
4. Yuan Empire- Dà Yuán Diguó was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the
Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China[1], lasting officially from 1271[2]
to 1368]. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather
Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu. Kublai
Khan had claimed the title of Great Khan, i.e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates
(Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate); however this claim was truly recognized
by the Il-Khanids, who were nevertheless essentially self-governing. Although later
emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were recognized by the three virtually independent
western khanates as their nominal suzerains, they each continued their own separate
developments. But the Mongol Empire as a whole remained strong and united. The Yuan
is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan. The Mongol Emperors of the
Yuan held the title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates
5. Bubonic plague- a serious, sometimes fatal, infection with the bacterial toxin Yersinia
pestis, transmitted by fleas from infected rodents and characterized by high fever,
weakness, and the formation of buboes, esp. in the groin and armpits.
6. Ill Khan- was established by Genghis Khan’s grandson Hulegu. He controlled parts of
Armenia and all of Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia and Iran. The Mongols settled in Russia
after conquering it.
7. Golden Horde- the army of Mongol Tartars that overran eastern Europe in the 13th
century, established a khanate in Russia, and maintained suzerainty there until the 15th
century. is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol later Turkicized—Muslim khanate
established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in
the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. Also
known as Jochi ulus or Kipchak Khanate (not to be confused with the earlier Kipchak
khanate prior to its conquest by the Mongols), the territory of the Golden Horde at its
peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the right banks of the Dnieper
River, extending east deep into Siberia. On the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered
on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the territories of the Mongol dynasty
Chapter 12 Vocabulary
Vera, Marly
A.P. World History
Period 03
known as the Ilkhanate. The origins of the name "Golden Horde" is uncertain. Some
scholars believe that it refers to the camp of Batu and the later rulers of the Horde. In
Mongolian, Altan Orda refers to the golden camp or palace (Mongolian: Алтан Ордон,
Altan Ordon = Golden Palace). Altan (golden) was also the color connoting imperial
status. Other sources mention that Batu had a golden tent, and it is from this that the
Golden Horde received its name. While this legend is persistent, no one is positive of the
origin of the term. In most contemporary sources, the Golden Horde was referred to as
the Khanate of the Qipchaq, as the Qipchaq Turks comprised the majority of the nomadic
population in the region
8. Timur- Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area
from Turkey to Mongolia
9. Rashid Al-Din- was a Persian physician of Jewish origin, polymathic writer and historian,
who wrote an enormous Islamic history, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language,
often considered a landmark in intercultural historiography and a key document on the
Ilkhanids (13th and 14th century). In 1980, an illuminated version of this manuscript in
Arabic was sold at Sotheby's to Nasser David Khalili for £850,000, the then highest price
ever paid for an Arabic manuscript. His encyclopedic knowledge of a wide range of
cultures from Mongolia to China to the Steppes of Central Eurasia to Persia, the Arab
lands, and Europe, provide the most direct access to information on the late Mongol era.
His descriptions also highlight the manner in which the Mongol Empire and its emphasis
on trade resulted in an atmosphere of cultural and religious exchange and intellectual
ferment, resulting in the transmission of a host of ideas from East to West and vice versa.
Historian Morris Rossabi calls Rashid-al-Din: "arguably the most distinguished figure in
Persia during Mongolian rule"
10. Nasir Al-Din Tusi- (born February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in alKāżimiyyah, Baghdad), better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (or Tusi in the West), was
a Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. He was a
polymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician,
philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed.A 60-km
diameter lunar crater located on the southern hemisphere of the moon is named after him
as "Nasireddin". A minor planet 10269 Tusi discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai
Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after him. The K. N. Toosi University of
Technology in Iran is also named after him.
11. Alexander Nevskii- the prince of Novgorod, he persuaded several other princes to submit
to the Mongols.
12. Tsar- Originally, the title Czar (derived from Caesar) meant Emperor in the European
medieval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who claims the same rank as a Roman emperor,
with the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the
Ecumenical Patriarch).Occasionally, the word could be used to designate other, nonChristian, supreme rulers. In Russia and Bulgaria the imperial connotations of the term
were blurred with time and, by the 19th century, it had come to be viewed as an
equivalent of King.
13. Ottoman Empire- A vast Turkish sultanate of southwest Asia, northeast Africa, and
southeast Europe. It was founded in the 13th century by Osman I and ruled by his
descendants until its dissolution after World War I. Originally a small state controlled by
Chapter 12 Vocabulary
Vera, Marly
A.P. World History
Period 03
Ottoman or Osmanli Turks, it spread rapidly, superseding the Byzantine Empire in the
east.
14. Khubilai Khan- was the Khaghan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294
and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki
and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Mongol Empire in
1260 after the death of his older brother Möngke in the previous year, though his younger
brother Ariq Böke was also given this title in the Mongolian capital at Karakorum. He
eventually won the battle against Ariq Böke in 1264, and the succession war essentially
marked the beginning of the civil war of the Mongol empire. But the Mongol Empire, as
a whole, remained united and strong. Kublai's influence was still strong in the Ilkhanate
and Golden Horde, western parts of the Mongol Empire.
15. Lama- a chief, a high priest.] In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief
called Lamaism.
16. Beijing- was the Yuan capital and the center of cultural and economic life. It served as
the eastern terminus of the caravan routes that began Tabriz and the Golden Horde capital.
17. Ming Empire- was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the
collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly
government and social stability in human history,"[1] was the last dynasty in China ruled
by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li
Zicheng, which was itself soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal
to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662. Ming
rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops.[2]
Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place
in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in
the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction
projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the
establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century.
Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.[3] The Ming dynasty
is often regarded as both a high point in Chinese civilization as well as a dynasty in
which early signs of capitalism emerged.[4] Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368–1398) attempted
to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities in a rigid, immobile system that
would have no need to engage with the commercial life and trade of urban centers. His
rebuilding of China's agricultural base and strengthening of communication routes
through the militarized courier system had the unintended effect of creating a vast
agricultural surplus that could be sold at burgeoning markets located along courier routes.
Rural culture and commerce became influenced by urban trends. The upper echelons of
society embodied in the scholarly gentry class were also affected by this new
consumption-based culture. In a departure from tradition, merchant families began to
produce examination candidates to become scholar-officials and adopted cultural traits
and practices typical of the gentry. Parallel to this trend involving social class and
commercial consumption were changes in social and political philosophy, bureaucracy
and governmental institutions, and even arts and literature. By the 16th century the Ming
economy was stimulated by maritime trade with the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch.
China became involved in a new global trade of goods, plants, animals, and food crops
known as the Columbian Exchange. Trade with European powers and the Japanese
Chapter 12 Vocabulary
Vera, Marly
A.P. World History
Period 03
brought in massive amounts of silver, which then replaced copper and paper banknotes as
the common medium of exchange in China. During the last decades of the Ming the flow
of silver into China was greatly diminished, thereby undermining state revenues and
indeed the entire Ming economy. This damage to the economy was compounded by the
effects on agriculture of the incipient Little Ice Age, natural calamities, crop failure, and
sudden epidemics. The ensuing breakdown of authority and people's livelihoods allowed
rebel leaders such as Li Zicheng to challenge Ming authority.
18. Yongle- was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. His era
name "Yongle" means "Perpetual Happiness". He is generally considered the greatest
emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and to be among the greatest Chinese emperors. He was
the Prince of Yan (燕王), possessing a heavy military base in Beijing. He became known
as Chengzu of Ming Dynasty (明成祖 also written Cheng Zu, or Ch'eng Tsu (Cheng Tsu)
in Wade-Giles) after becoming emperor following a civil war. His usurpation of the
throne is now sometimes called the "Second Founding" of the Ming. He moved the
capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and constructed the Forbidden City there. After its
dilapidation and disuse during the Yuan Dynasty and Hongwu's reign, the Yongle
Emperor had the Grand Canal of China repaired and reopened in order to supply the new
capital of Beijing in the north with a steady flow of goods and southern foodstuffs. He
commissioned most of the exploratory sea voyages of Zheng He. During his reign the
monumental Yongle Encyclopedia was completed. Although his father Zhu Yuanzhang
was reluctant to do so when he was emperor, Yongle upheld the civil service
examinations for drafting educated government officials instead of using simple
recommendation and appointment. The Yongle Emperor is buried in the Changling (長陵,
"Long Mausoleum") tomb, the central and largest mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty
Tombs.
19. Zheng He- was a Hui Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made
the voyages collectively referred to as the travels of "Eunuch Sanbao to the Western
Ocean" (Chinese: 三保太監下西洋) or "Zheng He to the Western Ocean", from 1405 to
1433.
20. Yi- established a new kingdom with a capital in Seoul in 1392 and sought to reestablish
local identity. The Yi regime, publicly rejected the period of Mongolian domination. Yet
it established Mongol-like land surveys, taxation and militarism.
21. Kamikaze- “winds of the Gods”, were said to have prevented a Mongol attack in 128, of
140,000 warriors.
22. Ashikaga Shogunate- The second of Japan’s military governments headed by a shogun.
Was sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate.