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Atmosphere Unit Test Review
Student PPT
• Following is a compilation of slides used in
class to help your preparation for the Unit
Test.
• Please note that the entire Study Guide is
included, as well as notes about the three EQ
parts and the choice questions.
Nitrogen – 78% and Oxygen – 21%
From 0% - 4%, but never truly 0%
Summer sun provides more direct sunlight for longer; winter sun
provides less direct light for shorter periods; revolution of Earth on tilt.
The equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles.
Troposphere and stratosphere; troposphere.
Unit Test Study Guide, page 1 continued
The pressure caused by the mass of a column of air.
When Density
, Pressure
When Altitude
, Pressure
As you went up, the balloon would get bigger.
Pressure measured by a barometer using inches of Mercury (Hg) or
Millibars (mb)
Higher clouds are colder clouds.
The severity of storms based upon the size
of the precipitation.
Visible satellites can only be used when
there is visible light (so, not at night).
Weather Imagery
SHOWS:
The severity of a storm based upon the size of the
rain/hail inside of it .
A beam of energy is sent out
from the transmitter
Energy bounces back when it
hits raindrops
Receiver “hears” the echo of
the return signal
Smaller signal is a smaller
storm. Larger is bigger.
The time the signal returns is
how far away the storm is.
Weather Imagery
SATELLITES Show:
View of Earth’s atmosphere from space.
Shows amount of clouds, cloud height, or
water vapor in the atmosphere.
VISIBLE
• What you would see if
you looked out of a
spacecraft from 25,000
miles up.
• Usually black and white.
• Shows crisp detail of
individual clouds.
• Only works during the
day.
Weather Imagery
SATELLITES Show:
View of Earth’s atmosphere from space.
Shows amount of clouds, cloud height, or
water vapor in the atmosphere.
INFRARED
• Shows difference in
temperature
• Darker colors are warmer
• Lighter colors are colder
• Not as detailed
• Shows cloud height with
false color since higher
clouds are colder.
• Works day and night.
Weather Imagery
SATELLITES Show:
View of Earth’s atmosphere from space.
Shows amount of clouds, cloud height, or
water vapor in the atmosphere.
WATER VAPOR
• Shows amount of
invisible water vapor in
the air
• Darker areas are dry air
• Whiter areas are moist air
• Shows “fuel” for storms
• Works day and night.
• Fuzzy like infrared but no
false color usually.
What does radar show?
1. Shows areas of current precipitation
– Location
– Motion
– Type
• rain;
• mix of rain, freezing rain, sleet and/or snow;
• snow.
– Doppler radar shows future motion and intensity
2. Radar analysis can determine
– Storm structure
– Potential for severe weather
– Storm tracking
What does infrared satellite show?
1. Shows cloud temperatures:
• Warmest (lowest) clouds are white
• Coldest (highest) clouds are yellow, red, purple.
2. Satellites can also show:
– City lights, fires, effects of pollution, sand and
dust storms
– Snow cover, ice mapping, ocean currents,
energy flows
What does visible satellite show?
• Essentially a snapshot of what the satellite
sees
• Clouds appear bright white at midday (gray at
sunrise and sunset)
• Bodies of water appear black
• Landmasses appear dark gray
• Only updated between sunrise and sunset
since nothing would be visible if there is no
sunlight.
Radiation transfers heat from the Sun to Earth.
70% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by the air, clouds, and land.
30% of that energy is reflected.
Ozone, found in the stratosphere, absorbs
dangerous UV radiation.
White objects have higher albedo; therefore,
they reflect more energy than dark objects.
Unit Test Study Guide, page 2 continued
CO2 is the gas most responsible for the greenhouse effect.
HOT OBJECT TO COLD OBJECT
COLD OBJECT TO HOT OBJECT
Temperature measures the average motion of particles while
thermal energy measures total particle motion (think: mass).
The freezing point of water is 0o Celsius; the boiling point is 100o C.
The freezing point of water is 32o Fahrenheit; the boiling point is 212o F
Unit Test Study Guide, page 2, continued
The liquid in the thermometer bulb expands and is forced up the
tube when temperature increases. When temperature decreases,
the liquid contracts and the liquid goes back down the tube.
Conduction is the type of heat transfer described with words
like in, on, into, and connected.
Radiation is the type of heat transfer described with words like
transmit, shine, emit, give off.
Convection is the type of heat transfer described with words
like rises, lift, moves up.
Unit Test Study Guide, page 2, continued
The sun shines on the Earth’s surface, warming it.
The air touches the hot surface, warming it.
The hot air rises up into the atmosphere.
Convection is the type of heat transfer that the Earth’s atmosphere
uses to balance its heat energy.
Wind is the horizontal movement of air from an area of high
pressure to an area of lower pressure.
heating
The Coriolis Effect is caused by the Earth’s rotation. It will turn
winds in the Northern Hemisphere to the right.
https://video.search.yahoo.co
m/yhs/search?fr=yhs-mozilla002&hsimp=yhs002&hspart=mozilla&p=video+
convenction+currents#id=1&vi
d=d1d3b397af750cb57392f8f9
03e2b0e2&action=click
Convection Currents …
first, a video refresher …
Lose
Heat
Increase
Density
Increase
Pressure
Decrease
Pressure
Decrease
Density
Gain Heat
LAND
BREEZE
SEA
BREEZE
Water vapor going from atmosphere to a liquid (clouds)
Solid (ice/snow/hail) or liquid water moving from
atmosphere to ground.
Water from trees turning into water vapor in the air.
Solid (ice/snow/hail) becoming liquefied by heat.
Liquid water moving downhill
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air.
RH is the % of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of
water vapor that air can contain at a particular temperature.
Dewpoint measures the point where condensation of water occurs.
The wind blowing over your skin removes body heat (evaporation).
Hot air holds more water vapor than cold air.
Clouds are formed when air loses heat and cools down to the
dew-point, condensing water droplets into the air.
Wind blows up the mountainside,
losing heat. The water vapor in the
air cools down to the dew-point and
forms cloud.
On the back side of the mountain,
the air sinks and warms and the
cloud evaporates.
condenses
evaporates
sublimation
melting
freezing
deposition
A dependent/responding variable is the variable that
is measured/is affected during an experiment.
Sand heats up faster than water on a sunny day.
Dependent
Responding
Y-axis
Manipulated
Independent
X-axis
DRY
MIX
Y
D
E
P
E
N
D
E
N
D
E
N
T X INDEPENDENT
Right side
Wind, rain, storm surge
Storm surge
• Warm tropical oceans
• Low wind shear
• Pre-existing storm
Seed thunderstorm
Unit 1 Essential Question
How does the Earth balance the
unequal heating of its surface?
WHERE FOUND?
1. Describe where and why Earth is heated
unequally.
2. How is the movement of atmosphere (wind)
used to balance Earth’s heat energy?
3. How does water vapor balance heat energy
from where it’s hot to where it’s not?
4. We’ll focus
5. Why are Hurricanes great examples of
Earth’s heat energy being balanced?
6. How do Deep Ocean currents help balance
Earth’s heat energy?
2
EQ Pt 1: (check your SJ)
Describe where and why Earth is heated unequally.
• What kinds of ideas would you include to
answer this?
– Direct sunlight where?
– Indirect sunlight where?
– Revolution of Earth around the Sun?
– Tilt of Earth’s axis?
For homework, draft YOUR answer to this question
using these ideas, for a peer edit next class.
Neat writing, double spaced if typed
PEER EDIT: EQ Pt 1 Content
EQ Part 1. Describe where on the Earth’s surface the heat is out of
balance and why it is that way.
-1
-1
•Equator  Hot
•Poles  Cold
-1
NP
INDIRECT
COLD
Equator
SP
HOT
DIRECT
-1
-2
Direct sunlight
Indirect sunlight
-2
PEER EDIT: EQ Pt 1 Conventions
HOT
LOW
Rising and Spreading out to poles
Loses heat to poles
NOT HOT (Cold)
HIGH
Sinking and returning to equator
Regains heat at equator
Which way is up?
Down?
Up is away from the
center of the Earth.
Down is towards the
center.
Global Winds
COLD
COLD
HOT
H
NORTH POLE
Density/Pressure
Density/Pressure
________
________
L
EQUATOR
H
SOUTH POLE
High density/ NON-ROTATING
pressure
EARTH
Low density/
pressure
Round Earth: Up? Down?
Rotating Earth:
Coriolis Effect turns winds
Unit Test 1 Essential Question
Explain how the Earth balances the unequal heating of its
surface by answering these questions.
1. Describe where and why Earth is heated unequally.
2. How is the movement of the atmosphere (wind) used
to balance the heat energy of the Earth? Be sure to
include what type of heat transfer is occurring.
3. How does water vapor transfer heat from where it is
hot to where it is not? Be sure to include how water
vapor stores, moves, and then releases energy.
4. Why are Hurricanes great examples of Earth’s heat
energy being balanced?
Page 1
• Water has a high specific heat which means that it
absorbs heat slowly, and it also loses heat slowly,
compared to many other substances (think of our sand
v. water lab).
• Liquid water has more energy than ice and water vapor
has more energy than liquid water.
• So, water vapor acts like a reservoir of heat.
• The equatorial/tropical areas of the planet are the most
humid.
• These latitudes receive the Sun's most direct rays for more
of the year than higher latitudes, and the steady sunlight
and warmth fuel evaporation from the ocean.
• On land, tropical forests release water vapor during
photosynthesis.
• Because of this steady heating and evaporation, air over
the tropics is usually warm, moist, and buoyant.
• Water vapor moves from where it is formed by convection
currents pushing it poleward.
• Water vapor can also move by condense into tiny drops of
liquid water and possibly form a cloud around a nuclei if the
atmosphere is cooled.
• Through precipitation, water vapor will return to the ground
as rain, snow, sleet, etc.
• Heat energy is required to change a substance from one state to another.
Phase changing is important for transferring energy in the atmosphere.
For example, when water vapor condenses, energy is released.
• Water vapor is constantly cycling through the atmosphere, evaporating
from the surface, condensing to form clouds blown by the winds, and
subsequently returning to the Earth as precipitation.
• Heat from the Sun is used to evaporate water, and this heat is put into
the air when the water condenses into clouds and precipitates.
• This evaporation-condensation cycle is an important mechanism for
transferring heat energy from the Earth's surface to its atmosphere and in
moving heat around the Earth.
Unit Test Short Answer Question A
Unit Test Short Answer Question A, continued
Unit Test Short Answer Question A, continued
1. Take 15 minutes to answer all three parts of this
question on a white lined sheet of paper, using any
and all resources to help yourself construct your
answer.
2. Suggestion: Begin with a sentence to introduce
your diagrams. Parts 1 and 2 focus on creating your
diagrams; Part 3 should include both a legend and
short explanation of the energy transfer involved in
phase changes.
3. Tomorrow, we will trade papers for a peer
review/editing session.
Please trade papers with your
5:00 meeting for peer edit.
radiation
Temperature is…
-Average motion of particles in a substance
Direct transfer
conduction Touching
Thermal Energy is…
-Total energy of a substance
More mass = more thermal energy
convection Circulating fluids
Rad: the radiator emits heat that warms my hands when I hold them over it
Cond: when Jane touched the radiator, it burned her hand and she said a bad
word.
Conv: heat rose and warmed up the entire room.
Choice Questions
• Sample data available
• Remember graphing
principles!
Think convection current;
use example of local winds
(seabreeze/landbreeze)
Graphing Principles
• Title
– Use information from variables statement to describe what
the graph is showing
• Labeling Axes
– Independent vs Dependent Variables
– Full labels including units
• Intervals!
– Intervals need to be equal! Data Break?
– Use the major lines for numbering as needed
– ~2/3 of the graph space should be used
• Plotting
– Use Pencil
– Notice the pattern. If a point is far off expected line, check
for accuracy.
Complete Graphs
• Verify Plotting
• Complete inked line
• Final Check
– Title? Axes labels? Units?
Short Answer Questions - D
COLDER AIR
More Dense
High Pressure
WARMER AIR
Less Dense
Low Pressure
H
L
70°F
85°F
Daytime breeze caused by the sun heating the land
more than the water.
WARMER AIR
Less Dense
Low Pressure
70°F
L
COLDER AIR
More Dense
High Pressure
60°F
H
NighttimeBreeze caused by the land losing more
heat than the water.
Use text and GR
notes/packets
… a few
refreshers
follow…
Short Answer Questions
ANEMOMETER
Speed = distance/time
Distance measured by cup circumference 2∏r
Compared to the time it took to turn
WIND or WEATHER VANE
Wind pushes larger tail more than tip
Points into the direction wind comes from