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Atmosphere Unit Test Review Student PPT • Following is a compilation of slides used in class to help your preparation for the Unit Test. • Please note that the entire Study Guide is included, as well as notes about the three EQ parts and the choice questions. Nitrogen – 78% and Oxygen – 21% From 0% - 4%, but never truly 0% Summer sun provides more direct sunlight for longer; winter sun provides less direct light for shorter periods; revolution of Earth on tilt. The equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles. Troposphere and stratosphere; troposphere. Unit Test Study Guide, page 1 continued The pressure caused by the mass of a column of air. When Density , Pressure When Altitude , Pressure As you went up, the balloon would get bigger. Pressure measured by a barometer using inches of Mercury (Hg) or Millibars (mb) Higher clouds are colder clouds. The severity of storms based upon the size of the precipitation. Visible satellites can only be used when there is visible light (so, not at night). Weather Imagery SHOWS: The severity of a storm based upon the size of the rain/hail inside of it . A beam of energy is sent out from the transmitter Energy bounces back when it hits raindrops Receiver “hears” the echo of the return signal Smaller signal is a smaller storm. Larger is bigger. The time the signal returns is how far away the storm is. Weather Imagery SATELLITES Show: View of Earth’s atmosphere from space. Shows amount of clouds, cloud height, or water vapor in the atmosphere. VISIBLE • What you would see if you looked out of a spacecraft from 25,000 miles up. • Usually black and white. • Shows crisp detail of individual clouds. • Only works during the day. Weather Imagery SATELLITES Show: View of Earth’s atmosphere from space. Shows amount of clouds, cloud height, or water vapor in the atmosphere. INFRARED • Shows difference in temperature • Darker colors are warmer • Lighter colors are colder • Not as detailed • Shows cloud height with false color since higher clouds are colder. • Works day and night. Weather Imagery SATELLITES Show: View of Earth’s atmosphere from space. Shows amount of clouds, cloud height, or water vapor in the atmosphere. WATER VAPOR • Shows amount of invisible water vapor in the air • Darker areas are dry air • Whiter areas are moist air • Shows “fuel” for storms • Works day and night. • Fuzzy like infrared but no false color usually. What does radar show? 1. Shows areas of current precipitation – Location – Motion – Type • rain; • mix of rain, freezing rain, sleet and/or snow; • snow. – Doppler radar shows future motion and intensity 2. Radar analysis can determine – Storm structure – Potential for severe weather – Storm tracking What does infrared satellite show? 1. Shows cloud temperatures: • Warmest (lowest) clouds are white • Coldest (highest) clouds are yellow, red, purple. 2. Satellites can also show: – City lights, fires, effects of pollution, sand and dust storms – Snow cover, ice mapping, ocean currents, energy flows What does visible satellite show? • Essentially a snapshot of what the satellite sees • Clouds appear bright white at midday (gray at sunrise and sunset) • Bodies of water appear black • Landmasses appear dark gray • Only updated between sunrise and sunset since nothing would be visible if there is no sunlight. Radiation transfers heat from the Sun to Earth. 70% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by the air, clouds, and land. 30% of that energy is reflected. Ozone, found in the stratosphere, absorbs dangerous UV radiation. White objects have higher albedo; therefore, they reflect more energy than dark objects. Unit Test Study Guide, page 2 continued CO2 is the gas most responsible for the greenhouse effect. HOT OBJECT TO COLD OBJECT COLD OBJECT TO HOT OBJECT Temperature measures the average motion of particles while thermal energy measures total particle motion (think: mass). The freezing point of water is 0o Celsius; the boiling point is 100o C. The freezing point of water is 32o Fahrenheit; the boiling point is 212o F Unit Test Study Guide, page 2, continued The liquid in the thermometer bulb expands and is forced up the tube when temperature increases. When temperature decreases, the liquid contracts and the liquid goes back down the tube. Conduction is the type of heat transfer described with words like in, on, into, and connected. Radiation is the type of heat transfer described with words like transmit, shine, emit, give off. Convection is the type of heat transfer described with words like rises, lift, moves up. Unit Test Study Guide, page 2, continued The sun shines on the Earth’s surface, warming it. The air touches the hot surface, warming it. The hot air rises up into the atmosphere. Convection is the type of heat transfer that the Earth’s atmosphere uses to balance its heat energy. Wind is the horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. heating The Coriolis Effect is caused by the Earth’s rotation. It will turn winds in the Northern Hemisphere to the right. https://video.search.yahoo.co m/yhs/search?fr=yhs-mozilla002&hsimp=yhs002&hspart=mozilla&p=video+ convenction+currents#id=1&vi d=d1d3b397af750cb57392f8f9 03e2b0e2&action=click Convection Currents … first, a video refresher … Lose Heat Increase Density Increase Pressure Decrease Pressure Decrease Density Gain Heat LAND BREEZE SEA BREEZE Water vapor going from atmosphere to a liquid (clouds) Solid (ice/snow/hail) or liquid water moving from atmosphere to ground. Water from trees turning into water vapor in the air. Solid (ice/snow/hail) becoming liquefied by heat. Liquid water moving downhill Humidity is the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air. RH is the % of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor that air can contain at a particular temperature. Dewpoint measures the point where condensation of water occurs. The wind blowing over your skin removes body heat (evaporation). Hot air holds more water vapor than cold air. Clouds are formed when air loses heat and cools down to the dew-point, condensing water droplets into the air. Wind blows up the mountainside, losing heat. The water vapor in the air cools down to the dew-point and forms cloud. On the back side of the mountain, the air sinks and warms and the cloud evaporates. condenses evaporates sublimation melting freezing deposition A dependent/responding variable is the variable that is measured/is affected during an experiment. Sand heats up faster than water on a sunny day. Dependent Responding Y-axis Manipulated Independent X-axis DRY MIX Y D E P E N D E N D E N T X INDEPENDENT Right side Wind, rain, storm surge Storm surge • Warm tropical oceans • Low wind shear • Pre-existing storm Seed thunderstorm Unit 1 Essential Question How does the Earth balance the unequal heating of its surface? WHERE FOUND? 1. Describe where and why Earth is heated unequally. 2. How is the movement of atmosphere (wind) used to balance Earth’s heat energy? 3. How does water vapor balance heat energy from where it’s hot to where it’s not? 4. We’ll focus 5. Why are Hurricanes great examples of Earth’s heat energy being balanced? 6. How do Deep Ocean currents help balance Earth’s heat energy? 2 EQ Pt 1: (check your SJ) Describe where and why Earth is heated unequally. • What kinds of ideas would you include to answer this? – Direct sunlight where? – Indirect sunlight where? – Revolution of Earth around the Sun? – Tilt of Earth’s axis? For homework, draft YOUR answer to this question using these ideas, for a peer edit next class. Neat writing, double spaced if typed PEER EDIT: EQ Pt 1 Content EQ Part 1. Describe where on the Earth’s surface the heat is out of balance and why it is that way. -1 -1 •Equator Hot •Poles Cold -1 NP INDIRECT COLD Equator SP HOT DIRECT -1 -2 Direct sunlight Indirect sunlight -2 PEER EDIT: EQ Pt 1 Conventions HOT LOW Rising and Spreading out to poles Loses heat to poles NOT HOT (Cold) HIGH Sinking and returning to equator Regains heat at equator Which way is up? Down? Up is away from the center of the Earth. Down is towards the center. Global Winds COLD COLD HOT H NORTH POLE Density/Pressure Density/Pressure ________ ________ L EQUATOR H SOUTH POLE High density/ NON-ROTATING pressure EARTH Low density/ pressure Round Earth: Up? Down? Rotating Earth: Coriolis Effect turns winds Unit Test 1 Essential Question Explain how the Earth balances the unequal heating of its surface by answering these questions. 1. Describe where and why Earth is heated unequally. 2. How is the movement of the atmosphere (wind) used to balance the heat energy of the Earth? Be sure to include what type of heat transfer is occurring. 3. How does water vapor transfer heat from where it is hot to where it is not? Be sure to include how water vapor stores, moves, and then releases energy. 4. Why are Hurricanes great examples of Earth’s heat energy being balanced? Page 1 • Water has a high specific heat which means that it absorbs heat slowly, and it also loses heat slowly, compared to many other substances (think of our sand v. water lab). • Liquid water has more energy than ice and water vapor has more energy than liquid water. • So, water vapor acts like a reservoir of heat. • The equatorial/tropical areas of the planet are the most humid. • These latitudes receive the Sun's most direct rays for more of the year than higher latitudes, and the steady sunlight and warmth fuel evaporation from the ocean. • On land, tropical forests release water vapor during photosynthesis. • Because of this steady heating and evaporation, air over the tropics is usually warm, moist, and buoyant. • Water vapor moves from where it is formed by convection currents pushing it poleward. • Water vapor can also move by condense into tiny drops of liquid water and possibly form a cloud around a nuclei if the atmosphere is cooled. • Through precipitation, water vapor will return to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, etc. • Heat energy is required to change a substance from one state to another. Phase changing is important for transferring energy in the atmosphere. For example, when water vapor condenses, energy is released. • Water vapor is constantly cycling through the atmosphere, evaporating from the surface, condensing to form clouds blown by the winds, and subsequently returning to the Earth as precipitation. • Heat from the Sun is used to evaporate water, and this heat is put into the air when the water condenses into clouds and precipitates. • This evaporation-condensation cycle is an important mechanism for transferring heat energy from the Earth's surface to its atmosphere and in moving heat around the Earth. Unit Test Short Answer Question A Unit Test Short Answer Question A, continued Unit Test Short Answer Question A, continued 1. Take 15 minutes to answer all three parts of this question on a white lined sheet of paper, using any and all resources to help yourself construct your answer. 2. Suggestion: Begin with a sentence to introduce your diagrams. Parts 1 and 2 focus on creating your diagrams; Part 3 should include both a legend and short explanation of the energy transfer involved in phase changes. 3. Tomorrow, we will trade papers for a peer review/editing session. Please trade papers with your 5:00 meeting for peer edit. radiation Temperature is… -Average motion of particles in a substance Direct transfer conduction Touching Thermal Energy is… -Total energy of a substance More mass = more thermal energy convection Circulating fluids Rad: the radiator emits heat that warms my hands when I hold them over it Cond: when Jane touched the radiator, it burned her hand and she said a bad word. Conv: heat rose and warmed up the entire room. Choice Questions • Sample data available • Remember graphing principles! Think convection current; use example of local winds (seabreeze/landbreeze) Graphing Principles • Title – Use information from variables statement to describe what the graph is showing • Labeling Axes – Independent vs Dependent Variables – Full labels including units • Intervals! – Intervals need to be equal! Data Break? – Use the major lines for numbering as needed – ~2/3 of the graph space should be used • Plotting – Use Pencil – Notice the pattern. If a point is far off expected line, check for accuracy. Complete Graphs • Verify Plotting • Complete inked line • Final Check – Title? Axes labels? Units? Short Answer Questions - D COLDER AIR More Dense High Pressure WARMER AIR Less Dense Low Pressure H L 70°F 85°F Daytime breeze caused by the sun heating the land more than the water. WARMER AIR Less Dense Low Pressure 70°F L COLDER AIR More Dense High Pressure 60°F H NighttimeBreeze caused by the land losing more heat than the water. Use text and GR notes/packets … a few refreshers follow… Short Answer Questions ANEMOMETER Speed = distance/time Distance measured by cup circumference 2∏r Compared to the time it took to turn WIND or WEATHER VANE Wind pushes larger tail more than tip Points into the direction wind comes from