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Chapter 15: Bones, Muscle, Skin Name:_________________________________________________ Pd: _________ Section 1: Body Organization and Homeostasis Vocab 1. Cell ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Cell Membrane ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Nucleus ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Cytoplasm ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Muscle Tissue ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Nerve Tissue ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Connective Tissue ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Epithelial Tissue ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Organ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 10. Organ System ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Homeostasis ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Stress ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Section 1: Body Organization and Homeostasis Notes Levels of Organization: Levels of organization in the human body are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Cells: The __________________ level of organization The basic unit of structure and function in living things = ______________ Carry out the processes that keep organisms ________________ EX: ______________________________________________________ Cells also get rid of wastes, ________________, and ____________________ Tissues: The next largest level of organization A group of similar cells that perform the same function = _______________________ 4 types: 1) 2) 3) 4) Muscle Tissue: Allows your body to _____________________ Nerve Tissue: Carries ____________________ between brain and all other parts of your body Connective Tissue: Provides _________________ for your body and connects all its parts EX: _________, _______________, _____________, _____________, and _________________ 4 Epithelial Tissue: Covers inside and outside __________________ Organs and Organ Systems: The third largest level is the ___________________ level Several different ___________________ that perform a similar job The fourth largest level is ________________ _________________ Groups of ________________ that work together to perform a major function Homeostasis: The body’s tendency to keep an internal balance = _______________________ All the ____________ ______________ in your body work together to maintain homeostasis Body responds to changes both _______________ and ______________ the body 5 Section 2: The Skeletal System Vocab 1. Vertebra ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Marrow ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Cartilage ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Joint ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Ligament ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Osteoporosis ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Section 2: The Skeletal System Notes What the Skeletal System Does: 5 major functions of the skeletal system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bone Strength: Bones are both ________________ and ______________________________ They are strong because they contain 2 hard minerals: o _____________________ o _____________________ Lightweight because only about ________ of an average adult’s body weight is bone The Structure of Bones: Is covered by a tough, thin ____________________ Contains blood vessels and ____________________ Underneath the membrane is __________________ bone In the middle is _______________ bone Spongy bone contains spaces filled with ________________ Bone Marrow: Bone marrow is a soft ____________________ tissue 2 types: o __________ marrow produces blood cells o __________________ marrow stores fat How Bones Form: Infant skeleton mostly ________________________ o Connective tissue that is more ____________________ than bone Over time, _______________ replaces cartilage Joints of the Skeleton: __________________ - A place where two bones come together __________________________ joint – little or no movement _______________________ joint – allows body to make wide range of movements o held together by ______________________ - connective tissue that holds bones together in movable joints 7 Section 3: The Muscular System Vocab 1. Involuntary Muscle ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Voluntary Muscle ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Skeletal Muscle ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Tendon ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Smooth Muscle ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Cardiac Muscle ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Section 3: The Muscular System Notes Muscle Action: o ____________________ muscle – a muscle that is not under conscious control. o ___________________, digesting food o __________________ muscle – a muscle that is under conscious control. o _________________ Types of Muscles: 1) _____________________ muscle a) A muscle that is attached to the _________________ of the skeleton b) _________________ connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone c) __________________ muscle 2) ____________________ muscle a) involuntary muscle found inside many __________________ 3) ____________________ muscle a) involuntary muscle found ONLY in the _________________ Muscles at work: o Muscle cells can only ________________________, so skeletal muscles must work in pairs o When one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its original _______________________ 9 Section 4: The Skin Vocab 1. Epidermis ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Melanin ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Dermis ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Pore ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Follicle ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Cancer ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Acne ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 Section 4: The Skin Notes The Body’s Tough Covering: _________________ body Prevents loss of __________________ Protects body from _________________ and ___________________ Regulate body _________________________ Eliminates __________________ Gather information about __________________________ Produce _________________ ___ The Epidermis: _____________ most layer of skin NO ________________ or blood vessels Produces________________ - pigment that gives skin its color The Dermis: ___________ layer of skin ________________ nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, and oil glands _______________ - an opening through which sweat reaches surface of the skin _______________ - structure in the dermis from which a strand of hair grows Caring for Your Skin: ________ properly Drink enough _______________ o _____________ - disease in which some body cells divide uncontrollably Keep skin ____________ and ________________ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17