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GRAMMARIAN’S Notes I.1 Your Name Mrs. Beasley English II 24 August 2015 Grammar I.2.1 Monday 8/24/2015 ENGII PreTask: What do you notice??? Notice the parts of speech as you read this passage. MENTOR TEXT: “Swimming to Antarctica” by Lynne Cox. He and all the crew were watching me intently, their faces filled with tension and concern. I put my head down, and something suddenly clicked. Questions: Answers: 1. Which nouns are concrete, and which are abstract? 1. The concrete nouns are crew, faces, and head. The abstract nouns are tension and concern. 2. Which part of speech are the words intently and suddenly, and what words do they modify? 2. Intently (modifying watching) and suddenly (modifying clicked)are both adverbs. ENG II 8/24/2015 EQ: What are parts of speech and why is it important to learn about them? Questions Notes There are 8 different parts of speech: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Knowing the parts of speech will lead to excellent writing. Summary Grammar I.2.2 EQ: Why are nouns important? Questions Notes The word “noun” comes from the Latin “nomen,” which means name. A noun is a part of speech that names a person, place, thing. Summary Grammar I.2.2 EQ: Why are nouns important? Questions Notes Concrete Nouns name something you can taste, see, touch, smell, or hear. Abstract Nouns name something you can not perceive through your 5 senses. Summary Grammar I.2.2 EQ: Why are nouns important? Questions Notes Collective Nouns name a group of people or things. Compound Nouns are made up of two or more words acting as a single unit and may be written as separate words, hyphenated words, or combined words. Summary Grammar I.2.2 EQ: Why are nouns important? Questions Notes Common Nouns name any one of a class of people, places, or things. These are lower cased when written. Proper Nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. These are capitalized when written. Noun of Direct Address name of a specific person to whom you are directly speaking. Always Summary proper. Grammar I.2.2 POST Task: Do you got it??? Label the types of nouns in the examples Person ,Place, or Thing? library, Dallas, garden, city, kitchen, James River, Uncle Mike, neighbor, girls, swimmer, Bob chair, pencil, freedom, research, happiness Grammar I.2.2 POST Task: Do you got it??? Label the types of nouns in the examples Concrete or Abstract? hope, improvement, independence person, cannon, road, city, music Grammar I.2.2 POST Task: Do you got it??? Label the types of nouns in the examples Collective or Compound? army, choir, troop, class, crew, faculty coffee table, battlefield, self-rule Grammar I.2.2 POST Task: Do you got it??? Label the types of nouns in the examples Common or Proper? dog, dad, doctor, flower, rose, woman UGA, Alex, Dr. Flinn, Main Street 13.1 A and B Homework Handout Grammar I.2.3 EQ: Why are pronouns important? Questions Summary Notes A pronoun is a part of speech that stands in for a noun. Pronouns helps writers or speakers avoid awkward repetition of nouns. The Antecedent is the noun to which the pronoun refers. It comes before the pronoun. Grammar I.2.2 POST Task: Do you got it??? Circle the pronoun and underline the antecedent. Goofy is here, and he is happy. The cat ate its food. Jarjar gave his book to Lizzy. Grammar Notes • Brought to you by 8/31/2015 EQ: How do I make nouns plural? Questions Notes It is easy to make nouns plural. The last letter or letters of the word determine what you need to do. Summary 8/31/2015 Questions Notes Usually, you just add “s” EXAMPLES: Action Hole Pencil Summary Actions Holes Pencils 8/31/2015 EQ: Questions Notes When the word ends in ch,s, sh, x, or z, add es. EXAMPLES: Summary Birch Fox Klutz Platypus Thrush Birches Foxes Klutzes Platypuse s Thrushes 8/31/2015 Questions Notes When the word ends in y, look at the letter before the y. If it is a vowel, add s. EXAMPLES: Holidays Holiday Keys Key Summary 8/31/2015 Questions Notes When the word ends in y, look at the letter before the y. If it is a consonant, change the y to i, and add es. EXAMPLES: rally Summary rallies 8/31/2015 Questions Notes Words that end in o, are random. Some take s and others, es. You have to memorize the spelling. Cello EXAMPLES: Echo Kangaroo Tomato Summary Cellos Echoes Kangaroo s Tomatoes 8/31/2015 Questions Notes If you are dealing with a family name, or product, just add s. EXAMPLES: Blackberr y Clery Summary Blackberr ys Clerys 8/31/2015 EQ: Questions Notes With compound nouns, add s to most important word. EXAMPLES: Brother-inlaw Runner-up Summary Brothers-in-law Runners-up 8/31/2015 EQ: Questions Notes With abbreviations, add a small s. EXAMPLES: CD DVD M.D. Summary CDs DVDs M.D.s 8/31/2015 Questions Notes Some nouns defy the rules altogether. EXAMPLES: Summary Tooth Deer Ox Child Mouse Knife Teeth Deer Oxen Children Mice Knives GRAMMARIAN’S Notes I.1 Your Name Mrs. Beasley English II 24 August 2015 Grammar Notes • Brought to you by 8/31/2015 EQ: Questions Notes Nouns Pronouns and Antecedents Making Nouns Plural Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes Pronouns are bunched together into 3 cases (categories). Subjective Case The doer of the action; the one who acts She ate 30 bananas. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes Objective Case The receiver of the action; the one who sits back and lets it all happen to her (or him). The judge gave her the prize. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes Possessive Case Shows ownership Her dog threw up on my shoes. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes First Person Tells the story from the point of view of the person who is talking. I often wonder what my dog is thinking. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes Second Person Directs the text to you, the reader. It’s usually used in nonfiction. Try not using a pronoun for an hour; see if you can. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes Third Person Observes the story from the outside. The narrator can let you know what is happening in different people’s thoughts and can follow different characters. Sarah hates cats; so, she was surprised to find one in her room. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes NOTE I is only used as a subject Me is only used as an object You can be used both ways. I will go. Give the book to me. You threw the ball; Squig threw you. Summary EQ: How are pronouns categorized? Questions Notes Sometimes the pronoun you is invisible. Smell the roses. Catch that cat. Summary 8/31/2015 EQ: What is the difference between action and linking verbs? Questions Notes A verb is a word or group of words that expresses time while showing action, a condition, or the fact that something exists. Summary 8/31/2015 EQ: What is the difference between action and linking verbs? Questions Notes An action verb tells what action someone or something is EXAMPLES: performing. Tara learned about summer sports. The TV blared. We chose two artists from Texas. Summary I remember the film about the Alamo. 8/31/2015 EQ: What is the difference between action and linking verbs? Questions Notes A linking verb is a verb that connects its subject with a noun, pronoun, or adjective that identifies or describes the subject. EXAMPLES: The man is a famous actor. The stage floor seems polished. Summary 8/31/2015 EQ: What is the difference between action and linking verbs? Questions Notes The Most Common Linking Verbs: The forms of be . . . am am being can be had been is is being could be has been are are being may be have been was was being must be could have been were were being shall be may have been should be might have been will be shall have been would be should have been will have been Summary would have been 8/31/2015 EQ: What is the difference between action and linking verbs? Questions Notes Other Linking Verbs: Other Linking Verbs Appear Look Sound Become Remain Stay Feel Seem Taste grow smell Turn EXAMPLES: The fans sound happy. The driver stayed alert. Summary GRAMMARIAN’S Notes I.1 Your Name Mrs. Beasley English II 24 August 2015 8/31/2015 EQ: Questions Notes Nouns Pronouns and Antecedents Making Nouns Plural The Pronoun Categories Verbs – Action and Linking Summary EQ: How can I tell action and linking verbs apart? Questions Notes Sometimes words can be used as action verbs or linking verbs, depending on the sentence. Summary EQ: How can I tell action and linking verbs apart? Answers Practice: Squig appears happy. Squig appears in the crowd. The orc tastes the soup. The orc tastes yucky. Aard looks nice. Aard looks at the sky. Summary