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Marks
1.
The diagram shows the sequence of events as a white blood cell engulfs and
destroys a bacterium.
(a)
Name the structures A, B and C.
A
B
C
(b)
2
(i) What is the name given to this process of engulfing the bacterium?
1
(ii) Describe the roles of structures Band C in the cell.
B
....
1
C
1
(c)
What does the lysosome contain?
1
write in this
margin
1.
(continued)
Marks
(.d) Another type of white blood cell could destroy this bacterium by producing
antibodies.
(i)
Name this type of white blood cell.
(1)
(ii)
What feature of the bacterium stimulates the production of antibodies?
(1)
(iii)
Describe how the production of antibodies can be stimulated artificially.
(1)
WPJ1'EIN
TfiIs
2.
Marks
The diagram below shows three stages in the humoral immune response.
white blood cell
foreign molecules
nucleus
()
+
y
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
()
o
o
()
()
stage 1
()
o
receptor
stage 2
stage 3
plasma cell
(i)
(a)
What type of white
response?
memory cell
blood cell carries out the humoral
immune
1
(ii)
What name is given to foreign molecules which stimulate the immune
response?
1
(b)
Describe two responses made by the white blood cell as a result of the
attachment of the foreign molecules.
1
2
MARGIN
THIS
MARGIN
2.
Marks
(continued)
(c)
Mature plasma cells contain a large quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Explain this feature of these cells.
2
(d)
Suggest the role of memory cells in the immune response.
1
(e)
What term describes the secretion of substances, such as antibodies, out of a
cell?
1
(fJ
Describe how the body might obtain antibodies in a natural, passive way.
1
[Turn over
DO NOT
WRITE IN
TillS
M,\RGIN
Marks
3.
The diagram below shows blood from a person who has been infected by bacteria.
These bacteria have triggered an immune response involving proteins P and Q.
The diagram is not draum to scale.
proteinQ~
T-Iymphocyte
~
..
@
bact"ia~
surface
~pmteinp
o
macrophage
@...
red
~
blood
cell
(a)
(i)
Identify
proteins
P and Q.
(ii)
1
Q
P
Cell R produced
protein
Q.
Name this type of cell.
1
(iii)
Describe
(A)
the role of the following cells in combating
infection.
T'-Iymphocyte
1
(B)
~acrophage
1
DO NOT
WRITE IN
THIS
MARGIN
Marks
3.
(continued)
(b)
Complete the following sentences by underlining one option from each pair of
options shown in bold.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Immunity gained after contracting a bacterial infection is an example of
active I passive immunity that is naturally I artificially acquired.
1
Immunity gained from the injection of a tetanus vaccine is an example
of active I passive immunity that is naturally I artificially acquired.
1
What happens during an autoimmune response?
1
[Turn over
nl'\.l11
THI
MARC
4.
Marks
The diagram below summarises different types' of immunity.
A
(a)
B
C
D
Complete the table using the letters A, B, C and D to match correctly each
type of immunity with its description.
Description of immunity
Letter
Ready-made antibodies are injected into the body.
Babies get antibodies from breast mille
Bacteria enter the body and stimulate the production
of antibodies.
Foreign antigens are injected into the body
stimulate the production of antibodies.
and
2
(b)
The immune system sometimes over-reacts to a harmless substance.
What term is used to describe this reaction?
1
(c)
Rheumatoid arthritis is a condition in which the body attacks its own cells.
What term is used to describe this type of condition? .
1
VVl<.11.t.
4.
M47ks
(continued)
(d) After kidney transplant surgery, drugs are taken by the patient to reduce the
normal immune response. Explain why this drug treatment is necessary.
2
(e)
Some diseases are caused when cells in the body produce a harmful protein.
Recent research has led to the development of antisense drugs to treat such
diseases. These drugs carry a short strand of RNA nucleotides designed to
attach to a small part of the mRNA molecule that codes for the harmful
protein.
(i)
Suggest how these drugs may prevent the production
protein.
of a harmful
1
(ii)
Antisense drugs can be used to treat autoimmune diseases.
Describe what is meant by an autoimmune disease.
1
li"
THIS
MARGIN
MARG
5.
The diagrams below show a disease-causing virus and one of the same type which
has been weakened to make it less harmfuL
Disease-causing virus
(a)
Marks
Weakened virus
A woman is vaccinated with the weakened form of the virus.
(i)
Explain why she does not develop the disease from the vaccination.
1
(ii)
What feature of the weakened VIruS results in her gaining immunity
from the disease?
1
(iii)
Explain why this form of immunity is described as being both artificial
and active.
Artificial
_
1
Active
1
(b)
The table contains information about viruses.
Tick (_t) the appropriate
VIruses.
boxes to show characteristics
Characteristic
which apply to all
Tick
(_t)
Contains a nucleus
Surrounded by a protein coat
Can be seen under a light microscope
-
Contains nucleic acid
Can only reproduce inside other cells
2
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6.
Marks
The diagram shows a polio virus.
70nm
(a)
Viruses can only reproduce within a host cell.
(i)
List two substances, supplied by the host cell, which are required for
viral replication ..
1
2
(ii)
__
1
What happens after the viruses have been assembled inside the cell?
1
(b)
Viruses can be processed to make vaccines to protect against the disease.
Suggest why it is important that the nucleic acid is damaged in the process,
but not the protein coat.
Nucleic acid damaged
1
Protein coat undamaged
1
(c)
The average diameter of a red blood cell is 71lm.
By how many times is a red blood cell bigger than a polio virus? (1 J.Lm
= 1000 nm)
Space for calculation
1
THI
MARC
7.
The diagram below represents the structure of the virus which causes influenza.
(a)
(i)
Marks
Name the substance which makes up the coat of this virus.
1
(ii) Describe how a virus from an influenza vaccine might differ in structure
from the virus shown in the diagram.
1
(b)
The following diagrams show a cell being attacked by the influenza virus.
two days
cell nucleus
(i)
Describe how the virus reproduces over the two day period.
2
(ii)
State how viruses are released from the infected cell.
1
(c)
There are three main types of influenza virus.
Why are the antibodies produced
others?
against one type not effective against the
1
MARGIN
7.
Marks
(continued)
(d)
The deaths in Scotland caused by influenza, pneumonia
between 1976 and 1982 are shown on the graph below.
Key
and bronchitis,
actual deaths
exgected deaths
1100
1000
900
800
Number
of
deaths
700
600
500
400
I
300
200
I
100
/'
1 January
(i)
1976
1977
1978
1979
Year
1981
1982
What is the expected range of deaths in any year?
__________________________
(ii)
1980
to
__
1
Suggest in which years influenza epidemics occurred in Scotland.
1
(iii)
Chilling reduces the action of the cilia in the windpipe.
Explain why this makes people more vulnerable
winter.
to influenza in the
1
(iv)
Suggest why the actual deaths in 1980 did not have the same pattern as
seen in other years.
4.1.J.
...
\J
MARGIN
8.
Antigens on the surface of red blood cells enable different blood groups to be
identified.
Marks
Four types of blood group are A, B, AB and O.
The diagram shows antigens on a red blood cell and antibodies in the surrounding
plasma.
)-
y
-{
antibodies in plasma
(a)
t
-t...
Complete the table below to show the types of antigen and antibody present
in individuals of each blood group.
Blood group
Antigens present on surface
of red blood cells
A
A
B
Antibodies present in plasma
anti-A
AB
0
2
(b)
Which blood group(s) could be transfused safely into a person of blood group A?
1
Wh.at you should know ...---------------,
5
(Chapters6-8)
(See table 8.2 for word bank.)
1 The plasma
surrounding a cell is
composed of protein and phospholipid molecules.
These are thought to be arranged as In the fluid
____
model.
6 Molecules or ions may enter or leave a cell by
being
transported across the
membrane
a concentration gradient
from low to high concentration. This requires
2 The bilayer of
molecules provides the cell
with a stable boundary. The
molecules
vary in function. Some give support, some contain
____
allowing' passive transport of small
molecules, others act as
and actively
transport molecules into or out of the cell.
7 Endocytosis is the process by which the cell
membrane
relatively large particles in a
vesicle.
is the process by which a vesicle
formed in the cell fuses with the membrane and
expels its contents to the exterior.
3 The membranes surrounding cell
have
the same basic structure as the plasma membrane.
8 Immunity to disease-causing organisms can be innate
or acquired.
immunity is inborn;
____
immunity is gained during the person's
lifetime.
4 A constant environment is maintained within a cell
by the membrane acting as a
barrier and
regulating the entry and
of materials.
I What you should know
I = ~c::::e::a~e~~uni~
9
by which
cells such as
engulf bacteria and destroy
them using enzymes in
_
is
10 Antibody production is a type of acquired immunity.
It is the response made by cells called
to
the presence in the body of alien molecules called
____
. An
possesses receptor sites
which bind to one particular type of antigen and
render it harmless.
B-lymphocytes produce free (
) antibodies
to deal with antigens; T-lymphocytes employ direct
contact (
response) to destroy cells
infected with antigens.
12 Natural
is acquired by a person who
suffers and survives a disease by producing appropriate
antibodies. Some B- and T-lymphocytes remain as
.
____
cells.
immunity is acquired by
a person who receives a harmless form of the antigen
and responds by producing T and B cells and
antibodies.
13 Active immunity is gained by a person's
_
system responding to an antigen and producing it's
own antibodies;
immunity is gained by a
person receiving antibodies made by another person
or animal.
14 An over-reaction to a harmless substance by the
immune system is called an
reaction.
15 Each person's cells have an antigen
_
which is recognised by the immune system as 'self'.
This normally guarantees the cells' safety. However
under exceptional circumstances,
occurs
and the immune system attacks 'self' cells.
Small molecules may enter or leave the cell by
moving passively by
(or osmosis) along
a concentration
from high to low
concentration.
Continued
:>
16 Viruses are very tiny micro-organisms which are
unusual in that
is the only true
characteristic of living things that they exhibit.
17
A virus consists of DNA or
surrounded
by a coat of protein. It depends on the host cell for
energy and building materials.
18 Once inside the host cell, a virus alters the cell's
biochemistry, enabling mass
of viral
nucleic acid to occur. Many copies of the virus are
produced and released by
of the host cell.
19 Some viral diseases can be prevented using vaccines
containing
virus to induce immunity.
20 Human Immunodeficiency Virus disrupts the immune
system by slowly destroying
T cells.
Attempts to produce a vaccine have so far failed.
WYSK6 - 8 Topic 6 Immunity
acquired
engulfs
actively
exit
against
exocytosis
allergic
gradient
antibody
helper
antigens
humoral
artificial
Immune
attenuated
immunity
autoimmunity innate
carriers
lymphocytes
cell-mediated lysis
_
channels
lysosomes.
diffusion
macrophages
energy
membrane
memory
mosaic
organelles
passive
phagocytosis
phospholipid
protein
replication
reproduction
RNA
selective
signature
Essay Questions
1. Give an account oUhe response of the body's immune system following
viral invasion
(10)
Maximum 8 marks
1 mark coherence
1 mark relevance
2. Give an account o(immunitv under the following headings:
(i)
Bvlymphocytes and T -lymphocytes;
(7)
(ii)
Macrophages
(3)
(10)
3. Discuss the humoral immune system under the following headings:
(i)
Naturally acquired active immunity
(6)
(ii)
Naturally acquired passive active immunity
(2)
(iii)
Autoimmunity
(2)
(10)
4. Give an account o(immunisation under the following headings:
(i)
Artificial active immunity
(6)
(ii)
Artificial passive immunity
(2)
(iii)
The impact of vaccination on childhood diseases
(2)
(10)