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Transcript
An Analysis of the Skype Peer-to-Peer Internet Telephony Protocol Ai-Chun Pang Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia Dept. of Comp. Sci. and Info. Engr. National Taiwan University References S. A. Baset and H. Schulzrinne, “An Analysis of the Skype Peer-to-Peer Internet Telephone Protocol, ” Dept. of CS, Columbia University, Sep. 15, 2004. Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis,“A Survey of Peer-to-Peer Content Distribution Technologies,” Athens University of Economics and Business, ACM Computing Surveys, December 2004. Skype conferencing white paper by PowerModeling http://www.powermodeling.com/files/whitepapers/Confe rence%20Test%20feb%2009.pdf Skype Explained http://www.skype.com/skype_p2pexplained.html What’s Overlay Network & What’s P2P ? What is P2P? Distributed systems Direct sharing of computer resources Without requiring the intermediation or support of a global centralized server or authority. What is Overlay Network? The operation of any peer-to-peer system relies on a network of peer computers (nodes), and connections (edges) between them. This network is formed on top of –and independently from—the underlying physical computer (typically IP) network and is thus referred to as an “overlay” network. Overlay Network Architecture (1/3) Purely Decentralized Architectures All nodes in the network perform exactly the same tasks, acting both as servers and clients, and there is no central coordination of their activities. Overlay Network Architecture (2/3) Partially Centralized Architectures Supernode Overlay Network Architecture (3/3) Hybrid Decentralized Architectures File File Server Query Reply Classification of P2P Applications Communication and Collaboration Distributed Computation Database Systems Content Distribution Peer-to-Peer File Exchange Systems Napster:Hybrid decentralized. KaZaA:Partially centralized. Gnutella:Purely decentralized. Advantages of P2P (1/3) Scalability A dramatic increase in the number of nodes or documents will have minimal effect on performance and availability. Jason Advantages of P2P (2/3) Low Cost There is no need to buy more special machines to be servers. Every computer can be a server and a client at the same time. Jason Advantages of P2P (3/3) Robustness and Reliability It could work without centralized server. Increased Network Connectivity Jason Issues of P2P (1/2) Security Integrity and authenticity. Privacy and confidentiality. Voice GOAL Voice START Jason Issues of P2P (2/2) Performance The time required for performing the operations allowed by the system, typically routing, searching, and retrieval of documents. Fairness Ensuring that users offer and consume resources in a fair and balanced manner. Resource Management Capabilities Jason An Example of Voice over Overlay Network Jason Introduction Skype is a peer-to-peer VoIP client developed by KaZaa in 2003 Skype claims that It can work almost seamlessly across NATs and firewalls It has better voice quality than the MSN and Yahoo IM applications The key Skype functions include Login NAT and firewall traversal Call establishment and teardown Media transfer Codecs Conferencing Skype Network Any Skype Client (SC) with a public IP address having sufficient CPU, memory, and network bandwidth is a candidate to become a super node (SN) Key Components of Skype Software [1/2] Ports Host Cache (HC) SC opens a TCP and an UDP listening port SC also opens port 80 (HTTP) and port 443 (HTTPS) There is no default TCP or UDP listening port The HC is a list of super node IP:Port pairs A SC stores HC in the Windows registry at HKEY_CURRENT_USER / SOFTWARE / SKYPE / PHONE / LIB / CONNECTION / HOSTCACHE HC contains a maximum of 200 entries Codecs The white paper observes that Skype uses iLBC, iSAC, or a third unknown codec Skype codecs allow frequency between 50-8000 Hz to pass through Key Components of Skype Software [2/2] Buddy List Skype stores its buddy information in the Windows registry Digitally signed and encrypted The buddy list is local to one machine and is not stored on a central server Encryption Skype uses AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) 77 possible keys) 256-bit key (1.1x10 Skype uses 1536 to 2048 bit RSA to negotiate symmetric AES keys Experimental Setup Version 0.97.0.6 Latest version 1.0.0.106 Under three different network setups Both Skype users were on machines with public IP address 2) One Skype user was behind port-restricted NAT 3) Both Skype users were behind port-restricted NAT and UDP-restricted firewall 1) Ethereal was used to monitor network traffic NetPeeker was used to tune the bandwidth Skype Functions Startup When SC was run for the first time after installation sent a HTTP 1.1 GET request (contains the keyword “installed”) to the Skype server During subsequent startups a SC only sent a HTTP 1.1 GET request to determine if a new version is available Login User Search Call Establishment and Teardown Media Transfer and Codec Keep-alive Messages The SC sent a refresh message to its SN over TCP every 60s Login Login is perhaps the most critical function to the Skype operation During this process, a SC Authenticates its user name and password with the login server Advertises its presence to other peers and its buddies Determines the type of NAT and firewall it is behind Discovers online Skype nodes with public IP addresses Login Server and Bootstrap Super Nodes Login Server The only central component in the Skype network IP address: 80.160.91.11 ns14.inet.tele.dk and ns15.inet.tele.dk Bootstrap Super Nodes HC was initialized with 7 IP:Port pairs Bootstrap SNs are connected to the Internet through 4 ISPs If the HC was flushed after the first login, SC was unable to connect to the Skype Network First-time Login Process [1/2] There are only 7 entries in the SC host cache upon installation A SC must connect to well known Skype nodes in order to log on to the Skype Network By sending UDP packets to some bootstrap SNs and then wait for their response It is not clear how SC selects among bootstrap SNs to send UDP packets to SC then established a TCP connection with the bootstrap SN that responded First-time Login Process [2/2] A SC running on a machine with public IP address A SC behind a port-restricted NAT Exchange some packets with SN over TCP Then establishes a TCP connection with the login server The TCP connection with the SN persisted as long as SN was alive The total data is about 9k bytes Roughly the same as for a SC on a public IP address The total data is about 10k bytes A SC behind a port-restricted NAT and UDPrestricted firewall Unable to receive any UDP packets from machines outside the firewall It exchanged 8.5k bytes of data NAT and Firewall Determination The authors conjecture that a SC is able to determine at login if it is behind a NAT and firewall By exchanging messages with its SN or some nodes using a variant of the STUN protocol Once determined, the SC stores this information in the Windows registry SC refreshes this information periodically STUN and TURN STUN Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT Doesn’t work through symmetric NAT TURN Traversal Using Relay NAT Increase latency Server load Login Procedures Alternate Node Table Subsequent Login Process SC sends UDP packets to about 20 distinct nodes at the end of login process To advertise its arrival on the network Upon receiving a response from them, SC builds a table of online nodes Alternate node table It is with these nodes a SC can connect to, if its SN becomes unavailable Quite similar to the first-time login process Login Process Time Scenario (1) and (2): 3-7 seconds Scenario (3): about 34 seconds User Search Skype uses its Global Index (GI) technology to search for user For SC on a public IP address A distributed algorithm Guarantee to find a user if it exits and has logged in during the last 72 hours SC sent a TCP packet to its SN SN gave SC the IP:Port of 4 nodes to query If it could not find the user, it informed the SN over TCP It appears that the SN now asked it to contact 8 different nodes This process continued until the SC found the user or it determined that the user did not exist The search took 3 to 4 seconds Search Result Caching Call Establishment and Teardown [1/2] The call signaling is always carried over TCP For users that are not in the buddy list Both users were on public IP address Call placement = user search + call signaling The caller SC established a TCP connection with the callee SC The caller was behind port-restricted NAT and callee was on public IP address The caller sent signaling information over TCP to an online Skype node which forwarded it to callee over TCP The online node also routed voice packets from caller to callee over UDP and vice versa Call Establishment and Teardown [2/2] Both users were behind port-restricted NAT and UDP-restricted firewall Advantages of having a node route the voice packets from caller and callee Caller SC sent media over TCP to an online node, which forwarded it to callee SC over TCP and vice versa It provides a mechanism for users behind NAT and firewall to talk to each other If other users want to participate in a conference, this node serves as a mixer Call tear-down Media Transfer and Codecs [1/2] The total uplink and downlink bandwidth used for voice traffic is 5k bytes/s No silence suppression is supported in Skype This bandwidth usage corresponds with the Skype claim of 3k-16k bytes/s It maintains the UDP bindings at NAT These packets can be used to play some background noise at the peer Skype allows peers to hold a call To ensure UDP binding, a SC sends three UDP packets per second to the call peer on average Media Transfer and Codecs [2/2] Codec Frequency Range The min. and max. audible frequency Skype codecs allow to pass through are 50 Hz and 8000 Hz Congestion Uplink and downlink bandwidth of 2k bytes/s each was necessary for reasonable call quality The voice was almost unintelligible at an uplink and downlink bandwidth of 1.5k bytes/s Conferencing A acts as a mixer, mixing its own packets with those of B and sending to C and vice versa The most powerful machine will be elected as conference host and mixer Two-way call: 36k bytes/s Three-user conference: 54k bytes/s A(mixer) A+B A+C B B C C