Download Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including

Name: _______________________________
Science Per: ________
Date: ___________
Pearson 8th Grade - Chapter 3: _________________________________________
Essential Question: (pg 90): ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Getting Started
Gas: ______________________________________________________________
Liquid: ____________________________________________________________
Mass: _____________________________________________________________
Word
Language of Origin Meaning
Your example
Lesson 1: __________________________________________________________
How do astronomers measure distances to the stars?
Astronomers often use ________ to measure distances to ____________________.
Parallax is the ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
Complete Figure 1 on page 95.
Astronomers look at a nearby star when Earth is on one side of the sun. Then they
look at the same star ___________________________________ when the Earth is
on the ___________________ side of the sun. Astronomers measure how much
the nearby star _______________________________ against a _______________
_____________________ that are ______________________________________.
They can then use this measurement to calculate the ________________________.
The less the nearby star appears to move, the __________________________ it is.
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Astronomers can use __________________ to measure distances up to a ________
____________________________ from Earth. The parallax of any star that is
farther away is _____________________________________________________.
Complete the “got it” on page 95.
How do Astronomers Describe the Scale of the Universe?
Universe: _________________________________________________________,
it is _______________________.
Since the numbers astronomers use can be very _________________ or very
_________________, they use ________________________________ to describe
sizes and distances in the universe. They use a unit called the _________________
to measure distances between the __________________.
Complete the “summarize” on page 96.
Light travels at ____________________________ meters per second. A light-year
is ________________________________________________________________,
about _____________ trillion kilometers. The light-year is a measure of
____________________, not _____________ (even though it has the word “year” in it.)
______________________________ uses powers of ____________ to write very
large or very small numbers in shorter form.
1,200 is written as ______________ Try this one: 670,000 is written as ________
A light-year is 9,460,000,000,000,000 meters which is ________________ meters.
Complete the “do the math” on page 96.
The objects in space are _____________________ from Earth. The distance to the
sun is _________________ meters away. The distance to the nearest star to our
sun, _______________________, is _________________________ or
______________ meters away. The distance to the nearest galaxy to the Milky
Way, the ______________________ galaxy, is _________________ meters away.
Complete the exercise on pg. 97 called “interactive art”.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” (including the “got it”) on page 97.
Do the Lesson 1 “Review and Assessment” questions #1-3 on page 129.
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Name: _______________________________
Science Per: ________
Date: ___________
Chapter 3, Lesson 2:
__________________________________________________________________
What are the differences between the planets and the stars?
Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest:
Solar system, universe, galaxy, Earth
______________ _______________ ________________ _______________
A star is a ________________________________, mostly __________________
and ________________, which undergoes ______________________________.
A planet is an object that _________________________, is large enough to have
become ________________________________________, and has ____________
______________________________ (nothing else shares its orbit around the star).
A solar system contains a ________________ and the ______________________
and other objects that ________________________________________________.
Solar systems are also called __________________________________________.
Our solar system contains the _______________, 8 ___________________, and
____________________________ like moons and asteroids.
Our solar system has only _______ star, but most stars are members of groups of
more than one star called ______________________. A _____________________
has two stars. Many stars belong to lager groups of stars called _______________.
A galaxy is a _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
bound together by ________________. Galaxies are much __________________
than solar systems.
Complete the “Traveling through Space” on page 100-101.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 101.
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What are the major types of galaxies?
Astronomers classify most galaxies into the following types: _________________,
______________________, and _______________________.
Spiral galaxies have a bulge in the ___________________ and ________________
_____________________________. They contain many ____________________.
Elliptical galaxies look like ___________________________________________.
They contain mostly _________________________.
Irregular galaxies ___________________________________________________.
They are usually _____________________ than other galaxies and have lots of
________________________________ to form ___________________.
Quasars are ____________________________________________ with huge
__________________________ at their ________________. ____________ spins
around the black hole, _______________________, and __________________.
Complete the “Types of Galaxies” and “Apply It” on pages 102-103
Our solar system is the ___________________________. We cannot see the shape
of the Milky Way because ____________________________________________.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 103.
Do the Lesson 1 “Review and Assessment” questions #4-5 on page 129.
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Name: _______________________________
Science Per: ________
Date: ___________
Chapter 3, Lesson 3:
________________________________________________________
What determines gravity?
Orbit: ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Sir Isaac Newton hypothesized that there must be a _________________ acting
between _________________________________ to keep them in ____________,
he called it ______________. A force is _________________________________.
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: _________________________________
_____________________________________, every object in the universe attracts
every other object. The strength of the force of gravity depends on the __________
of the objects and the _______________________________________.
_____________ is the amount of matter in an object. Because Earth is so massive,
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________. (That is
why you stay on the ground instead of being pulled in all directions towards all the other objects around.)
Gravity is also affected be _______________. The force of gravity ____________
as distance ________________ (objects get closer). The opposite is also true: the
force of gravity ______________ as distance _____________ (objects get closer).
Complete “Gravity, Mass, and Distance” on page 105.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” on page 105.
What keeps objects in orbit?
If gravity pulls the Earth and the sun together, why haven’t they crashed in to each
other? ________________ keeps them from colliding.
Complete the “Ask a Question” on pg 106.
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Inertia is _________________________________________________________
_________________________________. An example of inertia is ____________
__________________________________________________________________.
The more ____________ an object has, the greater its _____________. An object
with greater inertia is more difficult ____________________________________.
Newton’s first law of motion says that ___________________________________
and ____________________________________________________ with a
constant ______________ and _______________ unless ____________________
__________________________.
Newton concluded that __________________ and ___________________
combine to keep Earth in orbit around the sun and the moon around the Earth.
Complete “Orbital Motion” on page 106.
Complete “Gravity versus Distance” on page 107.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 107.
How does gravity help form planets, stars, and solar systems?
Scientists think that _________________ helps form solar systems by __________
__________________________________________________________________.
Accretion is ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
Complete the “Gravity and Solar Systems” activity on page 108.
Scientists think that gravity is responsible for the formation of ________________
______________, ______________, and __________________.
Where did all of this mass come from? (This is not in your chapter) Although scientists
have proposed several different theories to explain the beginning of the universe,
the current and most widely accepted is The Big Bang Theory. The Big bang
Theory states that billions of years ago, all the matter and energy in the universe
was compressed into an extremely small volume. About 14 billion years ago, a
sudden event called “the big bang” sent all of the matter and energy outward in all
directions. As the universe expanded, some of the matter gathered into clumps
because of gravity that evolved into galaxies. Today, the universe is still expanding
and the galaxies continue to move apart from one another. Like any theory, The
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Big Bang Theory must continue to be tested against each new discovery about the
universe. As new information emerges, the theory may be revised, or a new theory
may become more widely accepted.
Solar systems: Scientists think that all solar systems begin as ________________
of materials. Remember: the Law of Universal Gravitation says that every object in
the universe attracts all other objects. A solar system forms when ______________
____________________________________. The cloud collapses because of the
gravity and starts to ______________, forming a __________________________.
Stars: Most of the material in the spinning disk is pulled to the _______________.
__________________ and ___________ increases until _____________________
begins, releasing _______________ as ____________ and _______________.
Planets: Some of the material in the spinning disk remains _________________
the star and begins to form into ___________________.
The ______________ at the center of a solar system exerts a large gravitational
force on all the other objects in the solar system. The _______________________
keeps the other objects from _______________________, and so they stay in
_________________________________________________________________.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 109.
Do the Lesson 3 “Review and Assessment” questions #7-9 on page 129.
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Name: _______________________________
Science Per: ________
Date: ___________
Chapter 3, Lesson 5:
________________________________________________________
How does a star form and what determines its life span?
A star is “born” when the contracting gas and dust form a _________________ so
________________ and ____________ that _________________________ starts.
How long a star “lives” depends on its _______________.
All stars begin as a __________________. A nebula is ______________________
__________________________________________________________________.
In the densest part of the nebula, _______________ pulls the gas and dust together.
The more ________________ this center gets, the higher the force of gravity, so it
can attract gas and dust that is more spread out. As the matter gets closer together,
the ________________________ increases. When this gets massive and hot
enough, _________________________ begins. This first stage of a star is called a
_________________________ (“proto-“ means “first” in Greek).
Complete the “A Stellar Nursery” exercise on page 117.
How long a star “lives” depends on its _______________. A _________-mass star
uses its fuel ______________ and can last as much as _________________ years.
A ______________-mass star (like the sun) can live for about ________________
years. Our sun is about __________________ years old, so it should have enough
hydrogen left to last another ________________ years. A __________-mass star
uses up its fuel __________________ and may live only _______________ years.
Complete the “Life of a Star” exercise on page 118.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 118.
What happens to a star when it runs out of fuel?
When a star begins to run out of fuel, its ___________________ and its ________
__________________________. Depending on its mass, the star becomes either a
__________________ or a __________________. (See the diagram on pages 120-121.)
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After the red giant phase, the star becomes a _____________________________.
After the supergiant phase, the star becomes a _____________________. The final
stages of a star are a ______________________, a _______________________, or
a ________________________.
Low and Medium-mass Stars: As they start to run out of fuel, the outer layers
______________________ and they become a ___________________.
Eventually, the outer _______________________________________________ to
form a ___________________________________________ called a __________
_________________. The blue-white ____________ that is left behind _________
and becomes a _____________________. A white dwarf is about the size of Earth
but a million times more dense than the sun. It ________________________ from
leftover energy. After billions of years, the leftover energy is gone; the white dwarf
__________________________________________________________________.
High-mass Stars: A high-mass star quickly evolves into a ___________________.
When the supergiant runs out of fuel, it can _______________________________
________________________________. Some of the material expands into space
and become part of a ______________________. The nebula may contract into a
partially _________________________ with _____________________________.
The material in the center of the supernova that does not drift into space can
_________________________________________________________________.
A neutron star is even smaller and denser than a white dwarf. A spinning neutron
star that gives off regular pulses of radio waves is called a ___________________.
The most massive stars become ____________________ after going supernova. A
black hole is _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
Complete the “Lives of Stars” exercise on pages120-121.
Complete the “Apply it” on page 120.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 121.
Do the Lesson 5 “Review and Assessment” questions #12-13 on page 130.
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Name: _______________________________
Science Per: ________
Date: ___________
Chapter 3, Lesson 4:
________________________________________________________
How are stars classified?
Characteristics used to classify stars include ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
Color and Temperature: A star’s color reveals its __________________________.
The coolest stars are __________. The hottest stars are _____________.
Classification of Stars
Color
Blue
Blue-white
White
Yellow-white
Yellow
Orange
Red
Surface temperature (oC)
Above 30,000
10,000 – 30,000
7,500 – 10,000
6,000 – 7,500
5,000 – 6,000
3,500 – 5,000
Less than 3,500
Examples
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Rigel, Spica
Vega, Sirius
Canopus, Procyon
Sol (our sun), Capella
Arcturus, Aldebaran
Betelgeuse, Antares
Complete the “identify the main idea” exercise on page 111.
Size: Many stars are about the same size as our sun. However, some stars like
_________________ and ______________________ are much larger than our sun.
Others like white dwarfs and neutron stars are much _____________ than our sun.
Complete the “Star Color and Temperature” exercise on page 111.
Chemical Composition: Stars are mostly made of ____________________ and
________________. But there is a small bit other elements in stars. Astronomers
use ___________________________ to determine the elements found in stars. A
spectrograph is a device that breaks light into its ___________________________.
When the star’s light is seen through a spectrograph, each element in the star
makes a line on the spectrograph in a pattern that is unique to that element.
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Complete the “Apply It” exercise on page 112.
Brightness: The brightness of a star depends on both its _____________ and its
________________________. A ______________ star is usually _____________
than a smaller star. A ________________ star is usually ____________________
than a cooler star.
How bright a star appears from Earth depends on the _______________________
______________ and how bright it __________________________. Brightness is
described in two ways: ____________________________________________ and
_____________________________________________.
Apparent brightness (sometimes called apparent magnitude) is the _______
____________________________________________. The sun LOOKS light the
brightest star, but that is only because it is the __________________ star to Earth.
Absolute brightness (sometimes called absolute magnitude or luminosity) is
____________________________________________________________. It is
the brightness the star would have if it were a ____________________ from Earth.
Complete the “Apparent and Absolute Brightness” exercise on page 113.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 109.
What is an H-R Diagram and how do astronomers use it?
Astronomers use the Hertzprung-Russell diagram (the __________ diagram) to
________________________ and to __________________________________
__________________. Most of the stars in the H-R diagram (about ________%,
including ______________) form a diagonal area called the _________________
__________________. Within the main sequence, the ______________________
_______________________ as ________________________________________.
The hottest, brightest stars are in the _________________________. The dimmest,
coolest stars are in the _________________________. The bright supergiants and
giants are on the _________ of the diagram and dim white dwarfs are on the
_________________.
Complete the “Hertzprung-Russell Diagram” exercise on pages 114-115.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 105.
Do the Lesson 4 “Review and Assessment” questions #10-11 on page 129.
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Name: _______________________________
Science Per: ________
Date: ___________
Chapter 3, Lesson 6:
________________________________________________________
What is the structure of the sun?
The sun has no ____________________, about ¾ is _____________________ and
about ¼ is ____________________. The sun has an _____________________ and
an ___________________________. The interior is made up of the ___________,
the _____________________________, and the ___________________________.
The atmosphere is made up of the _______________________, the
________________________, and the _______________. It stretches __________
________________ and becomes _____________________ the further out it goes.
Core (interior): The sun produces an enormous amount of energy in the ________
through ________________________. Two hydrogen atoms combine to form one
helium atom. This releases a __________________________________________.
Radiation zone (interior): also known as the radiative zone. The energy produced
in the core moves outwards through the radiation zone in the form of
______________________________________.
Convection zone (interior): also known as the convective zone. __________ gases
____________ from the ______________ of the convection zone and __________
as they reach the _________. ____________ gases _________, forming loops of
gas that ___________________________________________________________.
This rising of less dense, hot material and sinking of more dense, cool material is
called ___________________.
Complete the “Layers of the Sun” exercise on page 123.
The photosphere (atmosphere) is the first layer. Considered the _____________
_______________, the gases of the photosphere are thick enough to be
_____________________.
The chromosphere (atmosphere) is only visible at the start and end of a _________
_______________________.
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The corona (atmosphere) is also only visible during a _____________________
______________. It looks like a _______________________ (corona means
“crown” in Spanish) around the sun and extends into space for ______________
__________________ becoming _________________ until it is ____________
__________________.
Complete the “Vocabulary” exercise on page 124.
Complete “The Sun’s Atmosphere” exercise on page 124 and 125.
Complete the “apply it” on page 125.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it” on page 125.
What features can you see on the sun?
Features on or just above the sun’s surface include _________________________
__________________________________.
Sunspots are _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Cooler gases give off ______________________ than hotter gases, so sunspots
look ______________. Sunspots can be larger than ________________. The most
sunspots appear in _________________ cycles. The sun emits slightly _________
_______________________ when there are more sunspots.
Huge loops of gases called __________________________________ often link
different parts of sunspot regions.
Complete the “Sunspots and Prominences” activity on page 126.
Complete the “Relate Cause and Effect” exercise on page 126.
Solar flares occur when ____________________________________________
________________________, releasing _______________________________
_____________. This causes _________ to erupt ______________________.
Solar wind is made up of _____________________________________________.
_________________ can greatly increase solar wind. Earth’s _____________ and
________________________ normally block out most of the solar wind, but some
can enter near the __________________________________. There they create an
electric current that cause _________________. Auroras (also known as Northern
or Southern lights) are glowing ________________________________________.
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Solar wind can also cause _________________________ that cause blackouts and
satellite communication problems.
Complete the “Solar Wind” exercise on page 127.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including “got it” on page 127.
Do the Lesson 6 “Review and Assessment” questions #14-17 on page 130.
Do the “Florida Benchmark Review” questions #1-6 on page 131.
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