Download chapter 10 worksheet

Chapter 10
Environmental Science
1. _____________________________ is the number and variety of different species in a given area
a. The number of species known to science is about _____ million, most of which are
______________
b. The actual number of species on Earth is ______________________, it is estimated to be greater
than ________ million
c. Unknown species exist in _____________________________________,
______________________________________ and even in ________________.
2. ______________________________refers to all the differences between populations of species, as well as
between different species
a. This kind of diversity has received ______________________________________ and is most
often what is meant by _________________________________
b. Biodiversity also means ___________________________ diversity.
3. ______________________________refers to the variety of habitats, communities, and
_____________________________________ within and between ecosystems.
4. ______________________________refers to all the different genes contained within all members of a
______________________________________.
5. Biodiversity can affect the _____________________ of ecosystems and the ___________________ of
populations.
a. We depend on healthy _________________________ to ensure a healthy
_________________________ that has balanced cycles of ___________________ and
____________________________.
b. Every species is either _______________________________________________________ on at
least one other ________________________
c. When one species is ________________________ from an ecosystem, a strand in a
________________ is removed. How many ___________________ can be removed before the web
_____________________________?
d. Often we do not know this answer until _________________________________.
6. The ______________________________ is the species that are critical to the functioning of an ecosystem
a. Examples are _________________________ and ______________________________
7. What happened when scientists removed all of the sea stars from tidal pool populations? Why did this
happen?
a. What happened to the sea otters in the 1800’s?
b. What happened to the kelp beds when sea otters were removed from the environment? Why?
c. In ___________________ a small group of surviving _______________________ was discovered.
With _________________________ and ________________________ efforts the population
grew.
d. The otters then preyed upon the ________________________ and the _______________ beds
regenerated.
8. The level of _____________________ diversity within populations is a critical factor in species survival
a. ______________________________ increases the chances that some members of a population may
survive environmental pressures or changes.
b. Small isolated _______________________ are ______________ likely to survive such pressures.
c. When a population _____________________, its __________________________ decreases as
though passing through a _________________________.
d. How was the term “bottleneck” used in this chapter?
e. Even in such a ________________________________ is able to increase again, there will be
_________________________________ within a smaller variety of _____________________.
f. Inbreeding within a small population can lead to _________________________________
9. People throughout history have used the variety of organisms on Earth for ___________,
_______________, ____________________, and_______________________.
10. About one quarter of the drugs prescribed in the United States are derived from ___________________
11. Almost all antibiotics are derived from chemicals found in ____________________________
12. List 4 plants that we have derived medicines from
13. The last of the dinosaurs died about ________________ million years ago, when a series of changes in the
Earth’s climate and ecosystems caused the extinction of about __________________the species on Earth
a. What is mass extinction?
b. Earth has experienced several __________ extinctions, each probably caused by a
______________________________.
c. How long does it take for biodiversity to rebound after a mass extinction?
d. When were the last three mass extinctions?
e. Scientists are warning that we are in the midst of another ________________________. The rate of
extinction is estimated to have increased by a multiple of _____________ since 1800.
f. Between __________ and _____________ up to _____% of all species on Earth may have become
_______________________.
g. The current ________________________________ is different from those of the past because
________________________________ are the primary cause of the extinctions.
14. ________________ and _____________are not likely to become extinct because they have large
populations that adapt easily to many habitats
15. What types of species are at high risk for extinction?
16. An endangered species is defined as:
17. A threatened species is defined as:
18. The major human causes of extinction today are:
19. As human populations _______________, we use more _________________ to build homes and harvest
resources.
a. In the process we __________________ and ______________________ the habitats of other species.
b. It is estimated that habitat loss causes almost _______________ percent of the extinctions now
occurring.
20. Fewer than ________Florida panthers remain in the wild.
21. __________________________________ is a species that is not native to a particular region.
a. _______________________ species can _________________________ native species that have no
____________________________ defenses against them.
b. Examples of these species are:
22. When were Africanized bees introduced into the US and what are they doing?
23. Zebra mussels entered the US in _________________________________ water.
a. They are clogging up all of the ________________________ along the
______________________________
b. However they have helped ________________________ the Great Lakes.
24. In the United States in the _____._________ and ______________________, _______ billion passenger
pigeons were hunted to extinction.
a. The ______________ were nearly hunted to extinction
b. Thousands of rare species worldwide are harvested and sold for what reasons?
25.
_______________________, ___________________, ________________ and other
_______________________ used by humans are making their way into ________________ around the
globe.
a. The _________________________ effects of chemicals may not be clear until after
____________________________________.
b. The bald eagle was a species that was _________________________ because of a
_________________ called __________________.
c. The pesticide _________________________ the ___________________ of the eggs and the birds
do not _________________________.
d. Although _________________ is now illegal to use in _______________________________, it is
still __________________________________ here and used around the _____________________.
26.
__________________________ of the world contain a greater _______________________ of species than
other areas do.
a. An important feature of such areas is that they have a larger portion of _______________________.
b. Ecologists often use the numbers of _____________ species of plants as an indicator of overall
biodiversity
c. Why do ecologists use them?
27. _______________________ species are species that are native to and found only within a limited area
28. What percent of the world’s species live in the rainforest?
a. Many of the species have never been ______________________________.
b. ______________________________ of species are _____________________________ as tropical
forests are cleared for _________________ and ________________________________.
29. ________________________ contain the majority of the biodiversity in the marine environment.
a. Reefs provide millions of people with ______________________________________________
___________________________
b. One study in 1998 estimated the value of coral reefs to $_____________________ per year.
c. Nearly ____________percent of Earth’s coral reefs are threatened by human activities.
30. _______________________________ have similar threats. These ecosystems include
_________________, _______________, ____________________ and _____________________.
a. ________________________ areas are travel routes for many _____________________ species as
well as _______________ to ecosystems on _________________.
31. When an _____________________ rises from the ________________, it is colonized by a
________________________________ of species from the ________________________.
a. These colonizing species may then ___________________ into several new ______________.
b. Thus, ______________________ often hold a very distinct but limited
_____________________________.
32. _____________________________ are the most threatened areas of high species diversity on Earth.
a. _______________________ of these areas have been identified.
b. Most have lost _______________ of their original vegetation
c. These hotspots include mostly _____________________________,
__________________________ and ______________________
d. How much of the original forest remains in Madagascar?
e. How many species of plants are endemic to Madagascar?
f. ________________ % of the reptiles are endemic.
g. 33 species of _____________________ are only found in Madagascar and they make up
_______________ of the world’s _________________species.
33. The United States includes a wide variety of ___________________ ecosystems.
a. These include:
b. The United States holds unusually high numbers of species of freshwater
________________________, ________________________, ________________________, and
________________________
c. Species _________________________ in the United States is also high among groups of
__________________________ such as _________________________ and
_____________________.
d. Give examples of species endemic to the United States.
34. __________________________________programs are involved in ________________________ species
in captivity, with hope of __________________________________ to their natural
_____________________.
a. These programs are helping save the ______________________________.
b. ________________________ are scavengers.
c. _________________________________, ________________________ and
____________________________ brought the species near extinction.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
d. In ___________________, the ___________ remaining wild California _________________ were
captured by wildlife experts to protect the birds.
e. As of _______________, ______________ condors had been returned to the wild and ___________
were living in _________________.
Germ-plasm banks store germ-plasm for:
a. Material may be stored as _____________, ______________, _____________ or pure ________.
What is germ-plasm?
Many ______________ now house the few remaining members of a species and perhaps the species
__________________________ for survival.
a. ____________________, ____________________________, ____________________, and
_____________________ gardens are living museums of the world’s biodiversity.
b. ________________________________________, house about 90,000 species of plants worldwide.
c. These facilities rarely have enough _____________________ or ____________________ to
preserve more than __________________________ of the world’s rare and
_____________________ species.
The most effective way to save a _________________________ is to protect their
____________________.
a. Most conservationists now give priority to protecting ______________________________ rather
than individual species.
b. By protecting entire ____________________________, we may be able to _____________ most of
the ______________________ in an ecosystem instead of only the ones that have been identified as
____________________.
Many nations have laws and regulations designed to prevent the extinction of species, and those in the
United States are among the _____________________________.
a. Even so there is ____________________________ about how to ________________ such laws and
how _____________________________ they are.
In _________________________, the U.S. Congress passed the Endangered Species Act
Summarize the Endangered Species Act.
IUCN stands for_________________________________________________________
a. The IUCN is a collaboration of almost _______ government agencies and over _________private
conservation organizations. They facilitate efforts to protect ____________________ and
_____________________.
b. One product of IUCN has been the international treaty called
_____________________________________________________
c. What is CITES?
d. ____________________________ were being killed by __________________________ who
would sell their ___________________ tusks.
e. When did CITES propose a ban on ivory sales?
f. After the ban was ___________________________, the ________________ of ivory dropped and
_______________________ poaching declined dramatically.
Many private organizations work to ____________________ species worldwide, often more effectively
than ___________________________________.
a. What does the World Wildlife Fund do?
b. What does the Nature Conservancy do?
c. What does Greenpeace do?
Chapter Review question
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
An endangered species is:
How many species are estimated to be living on the Earth?
In what part of the world are the greatest number of extinctions occurring?
According to biologist, what percentage of species have become or are expected to become extinct between
1900 and 2100?
The level of biodiversity that involves a variety of habitats and communities is
The number and variety of species on Earth is called ____________________.
The illegal hunting and slaughter of African elephants for their ivory tusks is also known as
____________________.
Because of the Endangered Species Act, the sale of protected animals or plants is
A(n) _________________________ is any species that is essential to the health of an ecosystem.
A recreational experience among life forms and ecosystems is called ____________________.
Any species with a declining population that could become endangered is a(n)
_________________________
A plan designed to protect one or more species in a large tract of land is known as a(n)
_________________________ plan
A(n) _________________________ is any species likely to become extinct if it is not protected.
The _________________________ is a treaty to preserve biodiversity that resulted from the Earth Summit
in 1992
A(n) ______________________________ provides storage for germ cells (such as seeds or DNA) of
organisms that may become endangered.
The death of many species in a relatively short time is known as _________________________.
A(n) _________________________ is an organism that is not native to a particular region
A(n) _________________________ is an organism that is critical to an ecosystem’s functioning
The kind of diversity represented by all the different genes found in a population is called
_________________________.
The sources of many antibiotics are in chemicals produced by ____________________
A crop produced by combining genetic materials is called _________________________.
A population in which ____________________ takes place may be prone to inherited diseases.
Fire ants in the southeastern United States are an example of a(n) _________________________.
The passenger pigeon is an example of a bird that was once abundant in the United States but is now
____________________.
The Florida panther is a(n) ______________________________ as a result of habitat destruction.
The Amazon rain forest is an example of a habitat with a high species variability known as a(n)
______________________________.
The application of biological sciences to create products such as drugs from plants or other organisms is
known as _________________________.
A(n) _________________________ program is being used to help increase the population of California
condors.
Why are biologists uncertain about how many species are living on Earth today?
What are the two main benefits of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species of plants or
animals?
Explain how exotic species threaten ecosystems
Explain the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species.
Is it possible to predict the effect(s) of eliminating a species from an ecosystem? Explain your answer.
List and describe the three levels of biodiversity that are observed in nature and studied worldwide.
The California Floristic Province is home to 3,488 native plant species. Of these species, 2,124 are endemic
and 565 are either threatened or in danger of extinction. How many of these endangered or threatened
species would you estimate are also endemic species?
79. It is estimated that 1.8 percent of tropical forest habitat is lost per year. If this habitat loss results in an
average of 0.5 percent of species lost each year, how many species would be lost in 10 years’ time? Assume
a low estimate of only five million species on Earth. How long would it be before one million species would
be lost (if current rates of extinction continued)?