Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/images/nwaz_02_img0168.jpg How Plants and Animals use Nutrients http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/globalch ange/images/cycle_001_b.jpg Nutrient Exchange 1. Nucleic Acids – Monomer: nucleotides Eg. DNA and RNA 2. Proteins – Monomer: amino acids (20 different) Eg. Insulin, keratin (hair) www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/836/965507.JPG www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/icons/dna_toys.jpg Four Macromolecules images.jupiterimages.com/.../61/05/23050561.jpg Four Macromolecules 3. Carbohydrates (sugars) – Monomer: simple sugars, glucose Eg. The energy sources of life. 4. Lipids (fats) – Also called fatty acids, Monomer: glycerol and fatty acids Eg. Build all membranes (cellular and organelle) and some hormones. Storage of energy. www.culinate.com/hunk/22332 Nucleic Acids a) Monomer = nucleotide a) Three parts of a nucleotide: base, sugar, phosphate b) Structure: Sugar Phosphate Base a) 20 Amino Acids b) Structure i. Typical Amino Acid (Draw this above) images.jupiterimages.com/.../14/81/23288114.jpg III. a) Proteins Monomer: Peptide Bonds ii. In a peptide bond we join a carboxyl group (-COOH) to an amino group (-NH2) http://www.codefun.com/Images/Genetic/tRNA/image004.jpg The bond joining two amino acids Draw a peptide bond between two glycines in the space to the right iii. Sample Protein – Insulin The protein that regulates our sugar uptake Video of insulin IV. Carbohydrates a. Monomer – i. Glucose Blood sugar CH2OH C O H C HOH H C C OH C OH OH H H staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/biochemistry/glucose.gif HOCH2 C H C OH O CH2OH OH C C OH ii. Fructose Fruit sugar www.worldofmolecules.com/foods/Fructose.gif b. Dehydration Synthesis Animation c. Polysaccharides a. Formed by more than two simple sugars joined together. i. Starch (1000 glucoses hooked) Plant energy storage etc. O CH2OH O OH OH O CH2OH O OH OH O CH2OH O OH OH O CH2OH O OH OH O etc. Plant starch…stained with iodine www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr04/starch-.. www.medic.usm.my/~ssu/images/High%20Glyc.jpg Polysaccharides con’t: ii. Glycogen (30 glucoses hooked) Stored sugar, found in animal liver. Carbon Hydrogen Ratios a. Looking at the molecular formulas for the different saccharides what is the ratio of H’s to O’s? Hint: it is the same in each molecule: Glucose:C6H12O6 Maltose C12H24O12 _____ H’s 2 to each _____ O 1 This is true for any saccharide V. Fats (Lipids) a. Monomers: i. Fatty Acids ii. + Glycerol +3 fatty acids images.jupiterimages.com/.../93/76/23267693.jpg Fats con’t: b. Look at the fatty acids on the front page. Square the hydrocarbons (“CH” tails) in red, circle the acid portion (-OH containing) in green. H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H O C OH Membranes are lipids c. Have you seen the structure before? Fatty acids are one of the primary building blocks of cell and organelle membranes. Fats con’t: In animals what is one other membrane component (hint we just studied it last unit)? Cholesterol http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg Molecule Review Carbohydrat es Monomer Carbon Present Hydrogen Present Oxygen Present Nitrogen Present Glucose Yes Yes Yes Glycerol/F As Amino Acids Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Yes Yes Yes Yes Carboxyl Group Hydrocarbon Protein s Yes 2(H): 1(O) Amino Group Fats Yes Yes Yes MiniQUIZ Identify each as a nucleic acid, carbohydrate, fat, or protein 2 1 HOCH2 OH C C H CH2OH O C C OH OH 3 4 •etc. O OH O OH OH O OH O O O O CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH OH O OH OH •etc. O OH Obtaining A. Autotrophs-Nutrients Lecture Convert light energy to chemical energy using photosynthesis… a. Are also called Producers b. Examples –Green Plants c. Autotrophs need – CO2, H2O, light, heat, minerals. http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg B - Heterotrophs http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/shitake.jpg a. Are also called Consumers b. Examples – http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19190.jpg http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/moneran_2.jpg http://www.troy.k12.ny.us/thsbiolo gy/images/monkey.gif Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, animals (humans) c. Heterotrophs need: Autotrophs, O2, minerals, vitamins, H2O Photosynthesis a. Photosynthesis uses light energy to construct simple sugars. Light 6 CO2 + 6 H2O chlorophyll 6 O2 + C6H12O6 The requirements for photosynthesis: Light, heat, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water CHLOROPLASTS of PLANTS OCCURS IN THE _________________________ Cellular Respiration The process in the Mitochondria where i. simple sugars are “burned” to produce energy (in the form of ATP). Simple formula of Cellular Respiration: ADP and P C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ATP = ENERGY! Enzymes 6 H2O + 6 CO2 Mitochondr ia • Supply all of the usable energy for • Plants (autotrophs) and Animals (heterotrophs) WOW! Mini QUIZ Name these Molecules (fat, carb, protein, N.A.) 1) 2) CH OH 2 H O C H O C OH OH H C OH C C OH 3) O CH3 H N O HOCH2 C N H C O O N C OH CH2 C O C C OH O P OH OH 4) Write the complete Equation for Cellular Respiration C O CH2OH O OH C C C OH OH Leaf Structure-How Autotrophs capture nutrients • Leaf Crosssection a. Cuticle Thin, waxy layer on outer surface b. Epidermis Outermost layer of cells c. Palisade Layer – Tall cells in mesophyll, contain chloroplasts. e. Spongy Layer loosely arranged layer of cells with space for gas, where lots of photosynthesis takes place. f. Guard Cells – cells making up the stomata, can open or close. d. Stomata – small opening in the epidermis for gas exchange. g. Vein – vascular tubes in leaf. i. Xylem – carries H2O, minerals, hormones. ii. Phloem – carries nutrients (sucrose), O2, hormones. h. Chloroplasts – Organelle containing enzymes and chlorophyll Chlorophyll – pigment that enables light energy to be changed into chemical energy (sugars) Leaf Parts MINI QUIZ Label These Leaf Parts 1. Upper Epidermis 2. Palisade Layer 3. Spongy Layer 4. Cuticle 5. Vein 6. Guard Cell Digestive System Lecture How A Heterotroph captures nutrients Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver Gall Bladder Duodenum Pancreatic Duct Small Intestine Appendix Small Intestine Tongue Trachea Stomach Bile Duct Pancreas Large Intestine Small Intestine Rectum Anus A. Salivary Glands a. Mucus – lubricates food. b. Amylase – begins to break down carbohydrate B. Tongue a. Keeps food between teeth b. Taste Buds – 4 areas c. Pushes food to esophagus C. Trachea a. Windpipe b. Epiglottis prevents “breathing” food D. Esophagus Tube to stomach Peristalsis starts, Rhythmic squeezing of food through tubes. E. Liver a. Bile is produced b. Emulsifies fats. c. Center for metabolism. d. Detoxifies blood e. Bile sent to Sm. Intestine f. Store glycogen (starch) Vital Organ F. Gall Bladder • Stores bile (bile emulsifies fats) G. Stomach a. Churn, mix food b. Sphincters, control openings c. Protein digestion d. The Hormone Gastrin – stimulates release of gastric juices e. Gastric juices: HCl, pepsin, etc. f. VOMIT! – Reverse peristalsis Gizzard = ? Gizzard s “Heartburn” H. Bile Duct • Tube to Sm. Intestine from Gall Bladder I. Duodenum • Most Digestion • First ~1ft of the Small Intestine J. a. Produces Insulin, Pancreas and other digestive enzymes… Regulates sugar uptake from blood. b. If DIABETIC insulin is not made. Cool Pancreas Video • Weird Al Video K. Pancreatic Duct • Tube to Small Intestine L. Small Intestine a. 20-30 feet long b. Villi – absorb nutrients c. Final Digestion occurs d. Nutrients are: glucose, amino acids e. Lacteals – absorb fats, glycerol Villi = absorption M. Appendix • Vestigial Organ • Evolutionary leftover N. Large Intestine a. Re-absorbs H O 2 b. Solid wastes stored Pirates O. Rectum • Solid wastes are concentrated P. Anus • 2 Sphincters that control expulsion of waste Digestive Processes Process Ingestion Peristalsis Absorption Storage Elimination Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion Explanation Dot Color Blue Intake Muscular Movement Yellow of Food Into Blood Green Hold for a Time Red Release Brown Moving Disrupts Orange Chemicals chop Purple Blue = Ingestion Yellow = Peristalsis Green = Absorption Red = Storage Brown = Elimination Orange = Mechanical Dig. Purple = Chemical Dig. Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver Gall Bladder Duodenum Pancreatic Duct Small Intestine Appendix Small Intestine Tongue Trachea Stomach Bile Duct Pancreas Large Intestine Small Intestine Rectum Anus Mini Quiz Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver Duodenum Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine Appendix Food Type % Diet Purpose Fats <30% Membranes -Energy Stores -Hormones 1) Fatty Acids 2)Glycerol Carbohydrates 55% Energy Stored as Glycogen (in liver) Glucose Chains of sugars, Glycogen Proteins >15% Amino acids Humans can make 12 (need other 8 in our diet) Amino acids, used to build proteins Digestive End Product What happens to the Digestive End Products (listed above) Molecule Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Broken Into Used for Fatty Acids and Glycerol Membranes, Hormone Production Simple Sugars Energy Amino Acids Protein Synthesis http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~ajm226/mp/metabolism.jpg F. To speed Digestion organisms use chemicals and enzymes a. Acids i. HCl ii. Gastric Juices b. Bile i. Soap like, makes fat soluble. ii. Aids absorption of Fat c. Enzymes – each enzyme (made of protein) is regulated, with a special “job” i. Jobs include: Breaking down molecules and building molecules the body needs. Enzymes ii. Fit molecules like a “Lock and Key” 1) Some examples Pepsin – breaks down proteins. Lipase – cuts up fats. d. Glucose is coupled together into starch in the roots of plants for storage. e. The enzyme for this Synthase reaction Starch is called: __________________ f. The chemical reaction that occurs is a Dehydration Synthesis, draw the structures of two glucose molecules being joined to create a disaccharide (see earlier Notes): G. Digestive Enzymes Enzyme Amylase Pepsin Rennin Lipase Made Here Acts Here Purpose Salivary Glands Mouth Stomach Polysaccharides Disaccharides Pancreas Stomach Duodenum Polypeptides Shorter polypeptides Pancreas Stomach Milk Cheese Duodenum Fats (lipids) Fatty Acids + Glycerol Pancreas Amylase Cuts up starches into smaller sugars Pepsin • Cuts up proteins H2O Met Asn Leu H2O Thr Asp Glu Trp Met Lipase • Cuts fats into fatty acids and glycerol • • • • H. Name the chemical process used to digest: Fats - hydrolysis Carbohydrates - hydrolysis Proteins - hydrolysis Carbohydrate (red) Protein (blue) Fat (green) Double sugar (red) Polypeptide (blue) Emulsified fat (green) Peptide (blue) Salivary amylase (red) Salivary glands C Pepsin and hydrochori c acid (blue) Stomach C Bile (green) Liver P Pancreas C Small Intestine C physical or chemical change Lipase (green) Pancreatic amylase (red) Amino acids (blue) Single sugar (red) Where is this enzyme made? Trypsin (blue) Fatty acids and glycerol (green) Polysaccharide to double sugar (red) Enzyme for digestion at this point. Erepsin (blue) Various bacterial hydrolases (red) Digestive Enzymes MINI QUIZ Enzyme Made Here Purpose 1. Amylase Salivary Glands Polysaccharides Disaccharides 2. Pepsin Pancreas Polypeptides Shorter polypeptides 3. Rennin Pancreas Milk Cheese 4. Lipase Pancreas Fats (lipids) Fatty Acids + Glycerol Lab 44 Set Up Masking tape flap to make it easy to take off tomorrow Name Tube # 1 Name Name Name Tube # 2 Tube # 3 Tube # 4 All Tubes have: 5 ml of water(~1 inch) 1 drop of cream 10 drops of LITMUS Only 2 and 3 have Lipase Only 3 and 4 have Bile b. Enzyme Action Enzyme Location where Hydrolysis Occurs Number of H2O Used Digestive End Product Amylase Every other ‘O’ linker 1 per cut Disaccharides Pepsin Phe, Tyr, and Trp, peptide bonds 1 per cut Shorter proteins Rennin Casein clumping 1 per cut Cheese Lipase Between glycerol and fatty acids 1 per cut 3 total 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids Dietary Recommendations 2000 Cal Diet 2500 Cal Diet < 30% Total Fat Sat. Fat Poly < 65 g 20 g 22 g < 80 g 25 g 27 g Mono 23 g 28 g Cholesterol < 300 mg < 300 mg Salt < 2400 mg < 2400 mg Carbohydrates Dietary Fiber 300 g 25 g 375 g 30 g Calories Burned Summary Autotroph’s source Substance CO2 Minerals H2O Simple sugars O2 Energy (ATP) Amino Acids & Proteins Vitamins Starch Lipids (fats) Cellulose Heterotroph’s Source Lab TEST Question #9