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The Congress of Vienna and the Revolutions of 1848
I. The Congress of Vienna:
A. Met in ______________-_____, after the defeat of Napoleon by the “_____________
Alliance” of Austria, Russia, and _______________________. The participants were some
of the nations involved in France’s wars from 1792 to 1814:
1. Britain.
2. _______________________ (represented by the autocratic “Jacobin” Tsar Alexander I
[r. 1801-1825]).
3. France.
4. _______________________, which wanted to punish France.
5. _______________________:
a. After Napoleon’s defeat of Austria and Russia in the “Battle of Three Emperors” at
Austerlitz in December 1805, the Holy Roman Empire had been dissolved in 1806,
with the Treaty of Pressburg.
b. Holy Emperor Francis II [r. 1792-1835] became Emperor Francis I of
_______________________; after Napoleon had defeated Austria at the Battle of
Wagram (near Vienna) in 1809, Austria had been forced to participate in Napoleon’s
embargo of _______________________ known as the “_______________________
System.”
c. At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was represented by Prince von Metternich
(1733-1859):
i. the _______________________ figure of the Congress of Vienna;
ii. supported _______________________ and the _______________________;
iii. believed that liberalism only led to _______________________, revolution,
and _______________________;
iv. opposed the new _______________________ (of the Jacobins and Napoleon
in the French Revolution) because this threatened to break apart the
_______________________ Hapsburg Empire;
v. resisted _______________________ demands, since Austria needed France to
balance Prussia’s and _______________________’s power.
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B. The result of the Congress of Vienna was an alliance known as the
_______________________ of Europe, which formed a balance of ____________________
among the European nations:
1. The ____________________ in France:
a. was given a new ____________________ king, Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1828).
b. France became a ____________________ monarchy with a two-house
____________________.
c. At this point, the government of France was much like the government of
____________________ (including the ____________________ requirements for
voting).
2. All the European nations received ____________________, with the exception of
____________________:
a. Germany became a confederation of 38 ____________________ states (covering
virtually the whole German-speaking world, including the ____________________,
but with the exception of free ____________________), with
____________________ the most powerful.
b. Austria obtained parts of northern ____________________.
c. Holland obtained ____________________.
d. Russia obtained Finland and much of ____________________.
e. Britain obtained strategic __________ __________ around the world.
II. Revolutions, 1820-1848: all inspired by the ____________________ ideals of the
____________________ Revolution:
A. 1820-29:
1. There were revolutions in Spain, Italy, and by liberal officers in
____________________, which were put down by the monarchs of
____________________, ____________________, and by Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
2. ____________________ rebelled against its ____________________ rulers in 1821,
and was supported by the Concert of Europe because the Greeks were
____________________. Greece gained its independence from Turkey in
____________.
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B. The Revolution of 1830 (in ____________________):
1. Upon the death of the moderate Louis XVIII in 1824, his younger brother
____________________ (r. 1824-30) became King of France.
2. Charles X was the leader of the ____________________, a group of highly
conservative ____________________.
a. Charles X trampled on the freedom of the ____________________ and passed the July
Ordinances of 1830, which ____________________ the parliament and denied all
____________________ the right to vote.
b. The bourgeoisie, students, and ____________________ rebelled, forcing Charles X to
____________________ the throne and flee to Britain.
3. Louis Philippe (r. 1830-48) became the new King of France. Still, only about _____%
of adult French males were allowed to vote, and workers were prevented from
____________________.
C. The Revolution of 1830 inspired a successful revolution of Belgium against its
____________________ rulers, and unsuccessful revolutions in ____________________
and ____________________.
D. The Revolutions of 1848 in ____________________:
1. The February (1848) Revolution: Bourgeois, students, and workers rebelled (just as
they had in 1830), forcing __________ __________ to abdicate the throne. France thus
ceased to be a monarchy and became a ____________________.
2. The June Days: The republican government passed some lab____________________
or reforms, but failed to care for poor ____________________. The
____________________ of Paris revolted, but were crushed by the French
____________________ after 1,460 people were killed.
3. December 1848: ____________________ adult males were allowed to vote in a
national election, electing Louis Napoleon (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte)
____________________ of France. The rule of Louis Napoleon (1848-1852) is known
as the ____________________ Republic. (The ____________________ Republic began
with the French Revolution in 1792, and lasted until Napoleon became military
____________________ in 1799.)
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E. The revolutions of 1848 outside of France:
1. Germany:
a. German ____________________ believed the entire German-speaking world was a
single ____________________ with a single culture, and should be united in a single
____________________.
b. February-March 1848: ____________________ professionals and the
____________________ rebelled against their ____________________.
c. The terrified princes granted them freedom of the ____________________, fairer
____________________, constitutions, ____________________, and abolished
____________________.
d. The Frankfurt Assembly approved a German federation with a
____________________ and selected Prussian King Frederick William IV as
____________________.
e. But Frederick William IV ____________________ to be Emperor, and the German
princes crushed the new ____________________ German government.
2. Austria:
a. In 1848, the Hapsburg Austrian Empire was a ____________________ state ruled
by Metternich. (Francis I’s successor, Emperor Ferdinand I [r. 1835-1848] was
____________________.)
b. 1848: Liberal students and ____________________ in Vienna forced Metternich
to end censorship and to ____________________, and Emperor Ferdinand I to
____________________.
c. 1849: ____________________ formed its own liberal state,
____________________ of the Austrian Empire.
d. Hapsburg Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916), with the aid of
____________________ Tsar Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855 and even more autocratic than
Alexander I], ____________________ the Hungarian revolutionaries.
F. Thus the only revolution of 1848 that succeeded was in ____________________. There
were two main reasons for this general ____________________:
1. A lack of ____________________ between ____________________ liberals (who
wanted such ____________________ reforms as constitutions, parliaments, and
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protection of individual rights) and the ____________________ (who wanted
____________________ reforms: jobs and food).
2. ____________________ rivalries (e.g., between Hungarians and Romanians in the
Austrian Empire, Germans and Czechs in Bohemia, and Germans and Poles in Prussia)
also destroyed the possibility of a ____________________ revolutionary movement
against ____________________ states.
III. Civilization:
A. So far, we have seen four features of being civilized:
1. ____________________ toleration
2. ____________________
3. laws and courts to protect the ____________________ and ____________________
rights of all individuals (not just aristocrats).
4. government based on a written ____________________.
This is generally as far as the ____________________ – including ____________________
philosophers, ____________________, and enlightened ____________________ – went.
B. In the light of the success of the Glorious Revolution in ____________________ (1688),
the ____________________ Revolution (1776), and the revolution in
____________________ beginning the Second Republic (December 1848), we can now add
a fifth:
5. ____________________ ____________________: a government derives its
legitimacy, or justification, by the ____________________ of the majority of the
governed.
But this poses a problem:
If a society privileges representative democracy over ____________________ rights –
especially ____________________ rights – these rights can be placed in
____________________. This is known as the “tyranny of the
____________________,” often in the name of ____________________, order, and
national power. If pushed to the extreme – especially if the majority of the population is
uneducated and ____________________ – representative democracy can lead to
____________________ and the persecution of ____________________ groups.
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