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LUNG CAPACITY

Under normal conditions, your regular
breathing does not use up the full capacity
of you lungs. As your body’s needs increase,
so does the volume of air drawn into your
lungs.

TIDAL VOLUME:
Normal inhalation an normal exhalation
(normal breathing)

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME:
The maximum inhale after a normal
inhalation

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME:
The maximum exhalation after a normal
exhalation

VITAL CAPACITY
The total volume of gas that can be moved
in or out of lungs
TV + IRV + ERV = VC

RESIDUAL VOLUME
Volume of air always left in lungs to
prevent collapse (dead air)

RESPIRATORY EFFICIENCY
Rate at which oxygen can be transferred
into the bloodstream for transport to the
rest of the body
OXYGEN TRANSPORT

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Hemoglobin
Is the respiratory
pigment found in the rbc’s that binds to
oxygen
The molecule that is created when the two
bond is called oxyhemoglobin
When oxygen concentrations are high,
hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
and will form a loose bond, this occurs in
the Lungs/alveoli

When oxygen concentrations are low,
hemoglobin releases oxygen to deliver it to
areas of low concentration, this occurs in
the Tissue capillaries
Equation:
alveoli

Hb + O2
HbO2
tissues
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT

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Carbon dioxide is much more soluble than
oxygen and therefore it doesn’t have any
special transporters
Approximately 9% of the carbon dioxide
produced in our cells is carried in the
Plasma
__________ , approximately 27%
combines with Hemoglobin to form
Carbaminohemoglobin
_________, and the remaining
64% combines with water to form
Carbonic
acid
______________
(H2CO3)
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An enzyme called Carbonic anhydrase
speeds up this reaction, this allows
carbon dioxide concentration in the blood
to stay low which in turn makes sure that
carbon dioxide continues to diffuse into the
blood
Because our body is creating an acid, this
can change the pH in the blood, which
can actually cause death.
To combat these pH changes we have
buffers



A buffer is substance that neutralizes
acids and bases, thus maintaining the
original pH of the solution
Carbonic acid is unstable and dissociates
into Bicarbonate ions
(HCO3-) and
Hydrogen ions
(H+)
hemoglobin
Acts as a buffer,
because it binds with the hydrogen ions to
increase the pH of the blood back to normal


Once the venous blood that is carrying
carbon dioxide in all of its forms has
reached the lungs, the oxygen dislodges the
hydrogen ions so that they can combine
with the Bicarbonate ions to form
Carbon dioxide and water
The highly concentrated carbon dioxide
diffuses from the blood
into the
lungs
______ and is eventually eliminated
exhalation
during

Equations for carbon dioxide transport:
In class:
-Read pg 260-261 “Mechanics of Breathing”
-Answer Questions pg 267 # 1, 2
-Read Section 8.4 pg. 268-273 “Control and
Regulation”
-Answer Questions pg. 273 # 1-3