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The Nation’s Beginnings : Exploration and Discovery to the English Colonies Christopher Columbus In your opinion, was Christopher Columbus a hero or a villain? Explain. Spain and Portugal Lead the Way 1492 Christopher Columbus’ voyage led to permanent European settlement of the New World. He was searching for a western route to Asia. (Portugal was sailing East around Africa at the same time) Pedro Cabral lands in S. Am. & claims it for Portugal in 1500 Spanish Conquistadors – i.e. Cortes and Pizarro-defeated the Native Americans and colonized most of N. and S. America for Spain. Ferdinand Magellan (1519 – 1521)? They came for God, Gold, and Glory! The Columbian Exchange Columbus’ Legacy is a Mixture of Pros and Cons. New Animals Introduced (Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, Turkeys, etc.) New Foods Introduced in Europe (Corn, Beans, Potatoes, Peppers, Tomatoes, etc.) To the Americas from Europe and Africa (Grains, Sugar, Bees, Citrus Fruits, Grapes, Coffee Beans. 3 D’s (Disease, Disorganization, and Disposability) Measles, Mumps, Typhus, & Smallpox, etc., Lack of Unity, and European Maltreatment resulted in maybe the destruction of 90% of Native American population. African slavery introduced to provide labor in New World by Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later the English would dominate the trade. Spain carved out a huge American empire. Other nations soon join the rush to explore. Spanish Legacy in the U.S. Spanish Empire/ Claims Around 1650 •St. Augustine, FL (Spain, 1565) is the oldest city in U.S. •Cultural influence in the American Southwest •Cities such as Los Angeles, Santa Fe, Albuquerque, etc. were founded as Catholic Missions Other Nations Rush to Explore John Cabot sailed for England in 1497 & claimed E. Canada and N.E. Jacques Cartier (1534-35) and Samuel de Champlain (160335) claimed land for France in NE Canada. 1609 – Henry Hudson, looking again for a Northwest Passage, claimed New York for the Netherlands. European Claims in the New World New France France didn’t desire permanent colonization. Their interest was economic driven – fur trade with Indians. They began in Canada (Montreal, Quebec) and fanned out into Midwest. Treated the Native Americans much better than the Spanish did – missionaries converted many to Christianity French Legacy in the U.S. Explored and mapped much the Midwest/ Mississippi River Valley Cultural Influence in the Great Lakes/ Canadian Border Region – Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, - and Louisiana Major Cities – Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Green Bay were used as trading posts French Canada today – Quebec – bilingual New Netherland Like France, the Dutch came in 1621 to establish a fur trade with the Indians New Amsterdam – present day New York City was their main settlement/ trading post They welcomed all new settlers; provided religious tolerance It was captured by the English in 1664 by King Charles II’s brother and renamed. Dutch Legacy in the U.S. New York City – our nation’s largest city Cultural influence – bowling (9 pens) and place names like Harlem, Bronx, and (Breukelen)Brooklyn, and Bedford Stuyvesant Tulip Festivals Dutch folklore – Rip van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow Review - Discovery of New World 1. What nation did Columbus sail for when he “discovered” America? a. Italy b. Portugal c. France d. Spain 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the “3 G’s” that drew Europeans to the New World? a. God b. Goods c. Glory d. Gold 3. Which 4 continents were impacted by the Columbian Exchange? a. N. America, S. America, Europe, Africa b. N. America, S. America, Europe, Australia 4. Which nation below did not make claims in the North and South America? a. Spain b. Portugal c. England d. France e. Holland Bell Ringer – Age of Exploration 1. God = 2. Gold = 3. Glory = 4. If Columbus really didn’t “discover” America, why were his voyages to the New World so important with regard to World History? Jamestown, VA (1607) Newfoundland (1578) by Humphrey Gilbert and Roanoke, VA (1586 & 1587) – Sir Walter Raleigh via John White – failed to establish permanent English colonies in America. The crown started joint-stock companies (owned by stockholders who took the risk) b/c it lacked gold needed to pay for colonies. Captain John Smith was one of 104 settlers who emerged as the leader of colony of Jamestown, VA in May 1607. It was the first permanent English settlement. He was the colony’s first governor. Jamestown Prospers Tobacco (1612) was the The first African slaves were brought To Jamestown in 1619 for this reason. Indentured servants (mostly men & a few women) also helped populate the colony. Headright system introduced for settlers who paid their own way or way of others. They were given 50 acres. John Rolfe introduced West Indies tobacco & a way to cure it for the trip to England. Who did he marry? number one export. After the “Starving Time” (Winter of 1610-11) the colony experienced great growth. It was governed by a partnership between King James I’s appointed Royal Governor and the House of Burgesses (an elected legislature) because he thought the London Company was responsible for the Powhatan War of March 1622 that saw 300 colonists killed (1/3 pop.) The Plymouth Colony Pilgrims – English Separatists who left Holland for Virginia with permission of the London Company. 1/3 of 101 passengers on the Mayflower were Pilgrims. They were led by Governor William Bradford. They landed in Massachusetts and the London Co had no authority over this region. 41 drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact – an agreement that they could practice self-government. The Pilgrims Face Hardships They arrived in November 1620 and ½ died the first winter. They were aided by Pawtucket Indians (Squanto?) who showed them how to raise corn, beans, pumpkins, & squash as well as by Wampanoag and Chief Massasoit (Thanksgiving – Oct. 1621 – a 3 day feast). William Bradford’s colony inspired another group that was being persecuted in England – the Puritans. The original Pilgrims had separated from the Puritans in 1608. They wanted to “purify” the Church of England. The Puritans Form a Selfgoverning Colony 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Co. obtained a charter from Crown to start a colony near Plymouth that would be a Bible Commonwealth. 1630 – 17 ships embark on the voyage to America & ultimately 20,000 more follow during the decade. John Winthrop, a London lawyer, was elected governor of Massachussets in 1630. The Puritans came prepared with food, equipment, and live stock and focused on fishing, lumbering, ship-building, fur trading, and farming. Harvard University was est. 1636. The Puritans were not tolerant of people with different religious views. This led to war with Native Americans in 1675 – 76. Chief Metacomet or King Phillip’s War. 13 Colonies Foldables New England, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies Must include for each region: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Approximate population Name the colonies Who lived there? Ethnicity, religion, culture Geography Type of economy/ resources/ how did they earn $? Bell Ringer – Plymouth & the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1. The Pilgrims, who were the first to arrive in Massachusetts, were separatists who broke with the a. Catholic Church. b. Anglican Church. c. Lutheran Church. 2. 3. 4. In 1629, the _______, who would come to dominate life in New England, obtained a charter from the King and sailed for Massachusetts. a. Irish b. Huguenots c. Puritans What institution would come to dominate nearly every phase of colonial life in Massachusetts? a. the Puritan faith b. the legislature c. the slave trade All of the following were essential to Massachusetts Bay’s economy except a. ship building. b. cotton production. c. lumbering . d. fishing. The 13 English Colonies Bell Ringer – Locate the 13 Colonies The New England Colonies Pilgrims & Puritans in MA, CT, RI, & NH 1635 – Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, was banished from MA by Puritans. Founded RI after getting charter from King. Lecturer Anne Hutchinson, a heretic in MA, also left for RI. They helped bring religious tolerance to New England. 1636 – Thomas Hooker (CT) – liberal minister who hated Puritan restrictions on voting and left with his congregation. Their rules/ laws were called the Fundamental Orders of CT. 1662 – King Charles II granted them a charter. 1622 – John Mason (VT) and Ferdinando Gorges were granted what is now VT and ME. They divided it in 1629. Maine was part of MA until it became a state in 1820. The Middle Colonies 1664 - NY taken from Dutch by James, Duke of York who was brother of King Charles II. NJ split off from NY b/c Duke thought NY too big to manage. 1682 –PA byWilliam Penn– Known for religious tolerance. It was called “the Holy Experiment” for the Religious Society of Friends or “Quakers” b/c they “quaked” before power of God. They believed people should find truth from “inner light of God.” Penn founded Philadelphia & made treaty of friendship with Native Americans b/c they believed all to be equal. Settled by people from all over Europe b/c Penn recruited. 1701 – DE broke off from PA and became own colony The Duke of York and William Penn were proprietors – they owned colony & rented land if they agreed to recognize the Crown’s control & keep laws consistent with England’s laws The Southern Colonies Southern Colonies – Slavery was more important here because cash crops like tobacco, indigo, and rice are more labor intensive. 1634 - Lord Baltimore – Catholic proprietor – granted MD by Charles I as Catholic haven & tobacco producing colony. 1663 - NC and SC – Charles II gave charter to 8 English nobles. They encouraged immigration through the headright system. 1690 – rice or “Carolina gold” introduced from Madagascar & slaves needed to grow and harvest it. NC was less successful as it didn’t attract rich planters from VA, but poor frontiersmen who farmed. 1729 – NC & SC divided as Crown ended proprietorship and they became royal colonies. 1732 – James Oglethorpe – GA – buffer between SC & Spanish FL, haven for debtors, and mulberry trees & silk worms Colonial Governments Each had a legislature and usually it was bicameral. PA was only exception. In 8 Royal Colonies, Upper house & governor chosen by Crown and Lower House by the People. Self-governing Colonies – CT & RI - both houses & governor chosen by the people. PA, MD, & DE remained Proprietary but similar to Royal Colonies as proprietor appointed governor. Judges were appointed by the King in Royal Colonies and elected by the people in Self-governing Colonies. Suffrage was not universal. Only white men, 21 years of age and that owned land could vote. In Royal Colonies & Proprietary, governor had veto power, but legislature levied taxes and set governor’s salary Do you think they got along? Major Influences on American Political Thought (See Page 10) The Roman Republic (509 – 27 BC) – Civic Virtue and the Common Good; it was representative. English Tradition – Magna Carta (1215), Parliament (1258), English Bill of Rights (1689), Common Law Political Philosophers – John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government (1690) - Natural Rights Philosophy, Separation of Powers, Social Contract Theory Judeo-Christian Roots – Ten Commandments & Jesus Colonial Heritage –Suffrage, Tradition, Checks and Balances, Natural Rights, Jury Trial Exit Slip – The Colonies Overview What group of early colonists authored the Mayflower Compact? a. the Dutch b. the Pilgrims c. the Puritans 2. The Republican form of government was first used in ancient _______. a. Babylon b. Greece c. Rome 3. The major export of the Jamestown colony was a. Tobacco b. Wheat c. Cotton 4. In ___________ colonies, both houses of the legislature were chosen by the people. a. royal b. self-governing c. all 1. The Colonies and Britain 1607-1754 – England’s policy was salutary neglect toward the colonies. Navigation Acts 1651-1733 were not really enforced. This means leaving the colonies to basically govern themselves to ensure prosperity for both sides. Mercantilism – the belief a nation’s prosperity is linked to a strong economy. This was accomplished by a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports), amassing gold and silver, and maintaining colonies (markets for mother country’s products + sources of raw materials. Why did the relationship change? The traditions of limited monarchy and selfgovernment in the colonies benefited both sides ($$$!) and everyone was happy. Britain & France fought a series of costly wars between 1689 - 1763 & relationship changed. Why was Great Britain so worried about France? King George III = Tyrant! Along with Parliament, they will end salutary neglect. The French Menace King William’s War (1689-1697), Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), King George’s War (1744-1748) were all N. American wars where the French incited and sometimes aided Indian attacks vs. colonial settlements. These wars began in Europe & spread to the colonies. 1752 – France authorizes construction of new forts in Ohio Valley. Fort Duquesne (1754) was built after they drove off Lt. Col. George Washington & the Virginia militia. Thus, began the French-Indian War. The French-Indian War (1754-1763) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What was another name for the French-Indian War? What side did the Native Americans take? The colonists? Who won? What did the winners take from the losers? What new problems resulted for the colonists at the end of the war? What was the Proclamation of 1763? Simon Kenton Fort Boonesboro, KY Founded by Daniel Boone and others in April 1775 One source of conflict was that colonists wanted to move west! Here are two rare photos of pioneer children at work in their cottage. The Middle Passage By 1650 an estimated 300,000 African slaves were in the Spanish Caribbean working gold and silver mines and plantations. The Portuguese in Brazil dominated the European sugar trade and more than 40% of 12 million slaves taken from Africa were sent to S. America. The English =largest exporters of slaves after 1690 (1.7 million in just over 100 years) and only 400,000 actually wound up in the U.S. The Middle Passage was the middle leg of the Atlantic trade triangle.