Download Our Colonial Heritage

The Nation’s Beginnings :
Exploration and Discovery to the English Colonies
Christopher Columbus
 In your opinion, was
Christopher Columbus
a hero or a villain?
Explain.
Spain and Portugal Lead the Way
 1492 Christopher Columbus’ voyage
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led to permanent European
settlement of the New World. He was
searching for a western route to Asia.
(Portugal was sailing East around
Africa at the same time)
Pedro Cabral lands in S. Am. & claims
it for Portugal in 1500
Spanish Conquistadors – i.e. Cortes
and Pizarro-defeated the Native
Americans and colonized most of N.
and S. America for Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan (1519 – 1521)?
They came for God, Gold, and Glory!
The Columbian Exchange
 Columbus’ Legacy is a Mixture of Pros and Cons.
 New Animals Introduced (Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, Turkeys,
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etc.)
New Foods Introduced in Europe (Corn, Beans, Potatoes,
Peppers, Tomatoes, etc.) To the Americas from Europe and
Africa (Grains, Sugar, Bees, Citrus Fruits, Grapes, Coffee Beans.
3 D’s (Disease, Disorganization, and Disposability) Measles,
Mumps, Typhus, & Smallpox, etc., Lack of Unity, and European
Maltreatment resulted in maybe the destruction of 90% of Native
American population.
African slavery introduced to provide labor in New World by
Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later the English would
dominate the trade.
Spain carved out a huge American empire. Other nations soon
join the rush to explore.
Spanish Legacy in the U.S.
Spanish Empire/ Claims Around 1650
•St. Augustine, FL
(Spain, 1565) is the
oldest city in U.S.
•Cultural influence in
the American
Southwest
•Cities such as Los
Angeles, Santa Fe,
Albuquerque, etc. were
founded as Catholic
Missions
Other Nations Rush to Explore
 John Cabot sailed for England
in 1497 & claimed E. Canada
and N.E.
 Jacques Cartier (1534-35) and
Samuel de Champlain (160335) claimed land for France in
NE Canada.
 1609 – Henry Hudson,
looking again for a Northwest
Passage, claimed New York
for the Netherlands.
European Claims in the New World
New France
 France didn’t desire
permanent colonization.
 Their interest was
economic driven – fur
trade with Indians.
 They began in Canada
(Montreal, Quebec) and
fanned out into Midwest.
 Treated the Native
Americans much better
than the Spanish did –
missionaries converted
many to Christianity
French Legacy in the U.S.
 Explored and mapped much the Midwest/
Mississippi River Valley
 Cultural Influence in the Great Lakes/ Canadian
Border Region – Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, - and Louisiana
 Major Cities – Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Green
Bay were used as trading posts
 French Canada today – Quebec – bilingual
New Netherland
 Like France, the Dutch came
in 1621 to establish a fur trade
with the Indians
 New Amsterdam – present
day New York City was their
main settlement/ trading post
 They welcomed all new
settlers; provided religious
tolerance
 It was captured by the English
in 1664 by King Charles II’s
brother and renamed.
Dutch Legacy in the U.S.
 New York City – our nation’s largest
city
 Cultural influence – bowling (9
pens) and place names like
Harlem, Bronx, and
(Breukelen)Brooklyn, and Bedford
Stuyvesant
 Tulip Festivals
 Dutch folklore – Rip van Winkle
and Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Review - Discovery of New World
1. What nation did Columbus sail for when he “discovered”
America?
a. Italy b. Portugal c. France d. Spain
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the “3 G’s” that drew
Europeans to the New World?
a. God b. Goods c. Glory d. Gold
3. Which 4 continents were impacted by the Columbian
Exchange?
a. N. America, S. America, Europe, Africa
b. N. America, S. America, Europe, Australia
4. Which nation below did not make claims in the North
and South America?
a. Spain b. Portugal c. England d. France e. Holland
Bell Ringer – Age of Exploration
1. God =
2. Gold =
3. Glory =
4. If Columbus really didn’t “discover”
America, why were his voyages to the New
World so important with regard to World
History?
Jamestown, VA (1607)
 Newfoundland (1578) by Humphrey
Gilbert and Roanoke, VA (1586 &
1587) – Sir Walter Raleigh via John
White – failed to establish
permanent English colonies in
America.
 The crown started joint-stock
companies (owned by stockholders
who took the risk) b/c it lacked
gold needed to pay for colonies.
 Captain John Smith was one of 104
settlers who emerged as the leader
of colony of Jamestown, VA in May
1607. It was the first permanent
English settlement. He was the
colony’s first governor.
Jamestown Prospers
 Tobacco (1612) was the
The first African slaves were brought
To Jamestown in 1619 for this reason.
Indentured servants (mostly men & a
few women) also helped populate the
colony. Headright system introduced for
settlers who paid their own way or way of
others. They were given 50 acres.
John Rolfe introduced West Indies
tobacco & a way to cure it for the trip
to England. Who did he marry?
number one export.
 After the “Starving Time”
(Winter of 1610-11) the colony
experienced great growth.
 It was governed by a
partnership between King
James I’s appointed Royal
Governor and the House of
Burgesses (an elected
legislature) because he
thought the London
Company was responsible for
the Powhatan War of March
1622 that saw 300 colonists
killed (1/3 pop.)
The Plymouth Colony
 Pilgrims – English Separatists who
left Holland for Virginia with
permission of the London Company.
1/3 of 101 passengers on the
Mayflower were Pilgrims.
 They were led by Governor William
Bradford. They landed in
Massachusetts and the London Co
had no authority over this region. 41
drew up and signed the Mayflower
Compact – an agreement that they
could practice self-government.
The Pilgrims Face Hardships
 They arrived in November 1620 and ½ died the first
winter.
 They were aided by Pawtucket Indians (Squanto?)
who showed them how to raise corn, beans, pumpkins,
& squash as well as by Wampanoag and Chief
Massasoit (Thanksgiving – Oct. 1621 – a 3 day feast).
 William Bradford’s colony inspired another group that
was being persecuted in England – the Puritans. The
original Pilgrims had separated from the Puritans in
1608. They wanted to “purify” the Church of England.
The Puritans Form a Selfgoverning Colony
 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Co. obtained a charter from
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Crown to start a colony near Plymouth that would be a
Bible Commonwealth.
1630 – 17 ships embark on the voyage to America &
ultimately 20,000 more follow during the decade.
John Winthrop, a London lawyer, was elected governor of
Massachussets in 1630.
The Puritans came prepared with food, equipment, and live
stock and focused on fishing, lumbering, ship-building, fur
trading, and farming. Harvard University was est. 1636.
The Puritans were not tolerant of people with different
religious views. This led to war with Native Americans in
1675 – 76. Chief Metacomet or King Phillip’s War.
13 Colonies Foldables
 New England, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies
 Must include for each region:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Approximate population
Name the colonies
Who lived there? Ethnicity, religion, culture
Geography
Type of economy/ resources/ how did they earn $?
Bell Ringer – Plymouth & the Massachusetts Bay Colony
1.
The Pilgrims, who were the first to arrive in
Massachusetts, were separatists who broke with the
a. Catholic Church. b. Anglican Church. c. Lutheran Church.
2.
3.
4.
In 1629, the _______, who would come to dominate life in
New England, obtained a charter from the King and
sailed for Massachusetts.
a. Irish b. Huguenots
c. Puritans
What institution would come to dominate nearly every
phase of colonial life in Massachusetts?
a. the Puritan faith b. the legislature c. the slave trade
All of the following were essential to Massachusetts Bay’s
economy except
a. ship building. b. cotton production.
c. lumbering .
d. fishing.
The 13 English Colonies
Bell Ringer – Locate the 13 Colonies
The New England Colonies
 Pilgrims & Puritans in MA, CT, RI, & NH
 1635 – Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, was
banished from MA by Puritans. Founded RI after
getting charter from King. Lecturer Anne
Hutchinson, a heretic in MA, also left for RI. They
helped bring religious tolerance to New England.
 1636 – Thomas Hooker (CT) – liberal minister who
hated Puritan restrictions on voting and left with his
congregation. Their rules/ laws were called the
Fundamental Orders of CT. 1662 – King Charles II
granted them a charter.
 1622 – John Mason (VT) and Ferdinando Gorges were
granted what is now VT and ME. They divided it in
1629. Maine was part of MA until it became a state in
1820.
The Middle Colonies
 1664 - NY taken from Dutch by James, Duke of York who
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was brother of King Charles II. NJ split off from NY b/c
Duke thought NY too big to manage.
1682 –PA byWilliam Penn– Known for religious tolerance.
It was called “the Holy Experiment” for the Religious
Society of Friends or “Quakers” b/c they “quaked” before
power of God. They believed people should find truth
from “inner light of God.”
Penn founded Philadelphia & made treaty of friendship
with Native Americans b/c they believed all to be equal.
Settled by people from all over Europe b/c Penn recruited.
1701 – DE broke off from PA and became own colony
The Duke of York and William Penn were proprietors – they
owned colony & rented land if they agreed to recognize the
Crown’s control & keep laws consistent with England’s laws
The Southern Colonies
 Southern Colonies – Slavery was more important here
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because cash crops like tobacco, indigo, and rice are more
labor intensive.
1634 - Lord Baltimore – Catholic proprietor – granted MD
by Charles I as Catholic haven & tobacco producing colony.
1663 - NC and SC – Charles II gave charter to 8 English
nobles. They encouraged immigration through the
headright system. 1690 – rice or “Carolina gold” introduced
from Madagascar & slaves needed to grow and harvest it.
NC was less successful as it didn’t attract rich planters from
VA, but poor frontiersmen who farmed.
1729 – NC & SC divided as Crown ended proprietorship and
they became royal colonies.
1732 – James Oglethorpe – GA – buffer between SC &
Spanish FL, haven for debtors, and mulberry trees & silk
worms
Colonial Governments
 Each had a legislature and usually it was bicameral. PA was
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only exception.
In 8 Royal Colonies, Upper house & governor chosen by
Crown and Lower House by the People.
Self-governing Colonies – CT & RI - both houses & governor
chosen by the people.
PA, MD, & DE remained Proprietary but similar to Royal
Colonies as proprietor appointed governor.
Judges were appointed by the King in Royal Colonies and
elected by the people in Self-governing Colonies.
Suffrage was not universal. Only white men, 21 years of age
and that owned land could vote.
In Royal Colonies & Proprietary, governor had veto power,
but legislature levied taxes and set governor’s salary Do
you think they got along?
Major Influences on American Political Thought
(See Page 10)
 The Roman Republic (509 – 27 BC) – Civic Virtue and
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the Common Good; it was representative.
English Tradition – Magna Carta (1215), Parliament
(1258), English Bill of Rights (1689), Common Law
Political Philosophers – John Locke’s Two Treatises on
Government (1690) - Natural Rights Philosophy,
Separation of Powers, Social Contract Theory
Judeo-Christian Roots – Ten Commandments & Jesus
Colonial Heritage –Suffrage, Tradition, Checks and
Balances, Natural Rights, Jury Trial
Exit Slip – The Colonies Overview
What group of early colonists authored the Mayflower
Compact?
a. the Dutch b. the Pilgrims c. the Puritans
2. The Republican form of government was first used in
ancient _______.
a. Babylon b. Greece c. Rome
3. The major export of the Jamestown colony was
a. Tobacco b. Wheat c. Cotton
4. In ___________ colonies, both houses of the legislature
were chosen by the people.
a. royal b. self-governing c. all
1.
The Colonies and Britain
 1607-1754 – England’s policy was
salutary neglect toward the
colonies. Navigation Acts 1651-1733
were not really enforced.
 This means leaving the colonies to
basically govern themselves to
ensure prosperity for both sides.
 Mercantilism – the belief a nation’s
prosperity is linked to a strong
economy. This was accomplished by
a favorable balance of trade (more
exports than imports), amassing
gold and silver, and maintaining
colonies (markets for mother
country’s products + sources of raw
materials.
Why did the relationship change?
 The traditions of limited
monarchy and selfgovernment in the colonies
benefited both sides ($$$!)
and everyone was happy.
 Britain & France fought a
series of costly wars
between 1689 - 1763 &
relationship changed.
 Why was Great Britain so
worried about France?
 King George III = Tyrant!
Along with Parliament, they
will end salutary neglect.
The French Menace
 King William’s War (1689-1697), Queen
Anne’s War (1702-1713), King George’s
War (1744-1748) were all N. American
wars where the French incited and
sometimes aided Indian attacks vs.
colonial settlements. These wars began
in Europe & spread to the colonies.
 1752 – France authorizes construction of
new forts in Ohio Valley. Fort Duquesne
(1754) was built after they drove off Lt.
Col. George Washington & the Virginia
militia. Thus, began the French-Indian
War.
The French-Indian War (1754-1763)
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4.
5.
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What was another name for
the French-Indian War?
What side did the Native
Americans take? The
colonists?
Who won?
What did the winners take
from the losers?
What new problems
resulted for the colonists at
the end of the war?
What was the
Proclamation of 1763?
Simon Kenton
Fort Boonesboro, KY
Founded by Daniel Boone and others in April 1775
One source of conflict was that colonists wanted to move west!
Here are two rare photos of pioneer children at work in their cottage.
The Middle Passage
 By 1650 an estimated 300,000
African slaves were in the Spanish
Caribbean working gold and silver
mines and plantations.
 The Portuguese in Brazil dominated
the European sugar trade and more
than 40% of 12 million slaves taken
from Africa were sent to S. America.
 The English =largest exporters of
slaves after 1690 (1.7 million in just
over 100 years) and only 400,000
actually wound up in the U.S.
 The Middle Passage was the middle
leg of the Atlantic trade triangle.