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World Trade before Exploration Causes of European Exploration 1. Ottoman conquests (14th & 15th c.) closed trade routes bypass intermediaries to get to Asia 2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples 3. Reformation refugees & missionaries 4. Surge in population growth c. 1450 growing demand for Asian trade goods & lack of opportunities at home Motives for European Exploration 1. “God” religious zeal, taking Asian trade away from Muslims & converting non-Christians 2. “Glory” desire for conquest, adventure, fame & fortune 3. “Gold” Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue & new sources of gold to pay for Asian goods New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portolani] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant New Maritime Technology A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419 Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419 Portuguese Maritime Empire 1. Expolred west coast of Africa trade in gold, ivory & slaves 2. Trading posts in India & SE Asia desire to control spice trade 3. Guns & seamanship = Portuguese success 4. Only New World Colony Brazil 5. Portugal lacked the numbers & wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. T he Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & T he Pope’s Line of Demarcation Spanish Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3. Papal agreement monarchs allowed to control church T he Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves T he Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe T he “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Spanish Colonial “Castas” System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves New Colonial Rivals Mercantilism 1. Amount of Buillon (gold & silver) = Nation’s Wealth = Political Power over Rivals 2. Goal = national economic self-sufficiency 3. Requires a favorable balance of trade (exports › imports) 4. Essential industries encouraged through subsidies & tax credits 5. Colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials. 6. Trade is a “zero-sum” game. T he “Price Revolution” 1. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] 2. Hurt those on fixed incomes & the poor, but helped those in debt (traders & merchants) T he Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 3. Between 16c & 19c, approx. 10-12 million Africans shipped to the Americas. Slave Ship “Middle Passage” “Coffin” Position Below Deck Slave Trade & European Attitudes on Race Juan de Pareja Oluadah Equiano “[The Slave Trade] lasted the better part of four centuries… the forced migration of fifteen million Negroes, besides causing the death of perhaps thirty to forty million others in slave raids, coffles, and barracoons. What it produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos.” - Daniel Mannix & Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes (1962) “The horrors of the Middle Passage have been exaggerated…The age which had seen the mortality among indentured servants saw no reason for squeamishness about the mortality among slaves, nor did the exploitation of the slaves on the plantations differ fundamentally from the exploitation of the feudal peasant or the treatment of the poor in European cities” - Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)
