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PHYSIOLOGY 1. Creatinine is thought to function as A. B. C. D. 2. diffusion osmosis active transport pinocytosis facilitation A synpatic phenomenon of learning is A. B. C. D. E. 5. contractability excitability secretion excretion digestion Water is not usually involved in A. B. C. D. E. 4. a store of muscle energy useable muscle energy a catalyst of muscle energy a waste product of muscle energy The fundamental property of any cell that makes adaptation possible is A. B. C. D. E. 3. A. B. C. D. E. summation association facilitation inhibition accommodation The most common cause of clinical acidosis A. B. C. D. 7. Which of the following do not promote constriction A. B. C. D. calcium ions angiotensin norepinephrine histamine 10. The hyperglycemic factor made by the pancreas is A. B. C. D. E. insulin lipase glucagon FSH cathepsin 11. A person feels faint and dizzy upon getting up. The physical law effect is A. B. C. D. Pascal’s Piuessikke-Hagen’s Bernouli’s LaPlace’s E. Roughage provides which of the following A. B. C. D. E. vitamins carbohydrates muscle builders peristalsis quick energy F. Emotional sweating does not occur in which of the following A. B. C. D. E. palms forehead axillary region soles trunk The arterial pressure increases when A. B. C. D. E. 8. increase in sodium bicarbonate decrease in sodium bicarbonate hyperventilation increase in ammonia 9. cerebral cortex basal ganglia hypothalamus medulla spinal cord the motor cortex is inhibited hypothalamus alarm occurs mass reaction effect begins vaso motor inhibition vaso motor increase Autonomic activities are mediated by various functional levels of the CNS. The integration and organization of these reflexes; however, are primarily located in G. Which of the following regimes would yield the lowest specific gravity of urine in the first 120 minutes, after completely voiding all urine at the beginning of the regime 1 A. five minutes of strenuous exercise and no water intake B. 1000 ml of distilled water C. 9 grams of sodium chloride in 100 ml of distilled water D. 9 grams of sodium chloride in 1000 ml of distilled water H. The thin filament used in controlled protein process is M. An Rh problem is most likely to develop under which of the following circumstances A. mother negative, father positive, baby negative B. mother positive, father positive, baby positive C. mother negative, father positive, baby positive D. mother positive, father negative, baby positive A. B. C. D. actin myosin actomyosin norepitrophin N. If you extend a muscle prior to muscle contraction, what will occur I. The stroke volume of the normal individual at the resting state is A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. E. 5 liters 500 ml 10 liters 70 liters 100 ml J. Oxytoxin is a product of A. B. C. D. E. ovary testes anterior pituitary posterior pituitary thyroid K. In muscle shortening, which ones decrease the most in length A. B. C. D. E. L and M bands H bands A bands Z bands I bands a weakened contraction a slow contraction a strong contraction a stronger than normal contraction, unless the muscle is stretched beyond a certain limit O. The plasma membrane is generally considered to be A. B. C. D. E. trilaminar complex non-protein structure carbohydrate sturcture single layered structure simplified plasma P. When iodine concentration in the blood is high, thyroid activity A. increases B. decreases C. alternates by increasing or decreasing D. remains constant L. Hematocrit is defined as A. the amount of plasma in the blood B. the ratio of blood volume to intracelluar space C. the amount of RBC in the blood D. the ratio of blood volume to extracelluar space E. the percentage of protein in the blood Q. Parasympathetics cause A. B. C. D. increase pupil dilation increase peristalsis increase cardiac output increase coronary artery dilation R. Of the following glands, the one most likely to secrete the hormone for stress is 2 A. B. C. D. E. thryoid adrenal cortex testes pituitary thymus S. The vasoregulatory center least affected by PCO2 is the A. B. C. D. medulla vasomotor cells carotid body aortic body hypothalamus T. Which of the following is/are associated with the secretory phase of menstruation A. B. C. D. E. bleeding glycogen rich endometrium increased vascularity swelling of mammary alveoli all of the above U. What is the location of the coronary sinus A. B. C. D. E. anterior part of AV sulcus posterior part of AV sulcus anterior part of IV sulcus posterior part of IV sulcus posterior part of IA sulcus V. Which type of blood will clot A and B agglutins A. B. C. D. E. O A B AB Rh C. [systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure] divided by pulse pressure D. [pressure 1 minus pressure 2] divided by total peripheral pressure X. The osmotic pressure is which component in blood protein A. B. C. D. E. albumin globulin alpha globulin beta globulin gamma globulin fibrinogen Y. Jendrassik’s maneuver is required to A. B. C. D. E. provide urine sedimentation forced delivery forced elimination genetics increase patellar response Z. When a series of repetitive neural stimuli are applied at a rate high enough to cause summation of contraction, the muscle is said to be in a state of A. B. C. D. E. physiologic contracture irreversible contracture tetanus fatigue rigor AA. The aortic valve opens when A. B. C. D. to provide oxygen to the tissues to prevent buildup of pressure blood enters left atrium ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure E. none of the above BB. The afferent fibers of the HeringBrewer reflex are the W. Arterial pressure can be expressed as A. cardiac output divided by total peripheral resistance B. cardiac output times total peripheral resistance A. spinal cord B. vagus nerve C. glossopharyngeal nerve D. intercostal nerve E. phrenic nerve CC. The endocrine gland whose hormones directly affects cellular respiration is the 3 A. B. C. D. E. thymus thyroid pituitary adrenal cortex pancreas A. B. C. D. E. from exposure to radiation as a result of rheumatic fever as a congenital condition in puberty in childhood DD. Which is not true of synapses A. allow for a unidirectional flow of nerve impulses B. cholinesterase is involved in synaptic transmission C. are less sensitive than nerves D. some release acetylcholine E. exhibits a synaptic delay of about .5 ms EE. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone decreases under increasing activity of A. arterial and venous proprioceptors B. carotid body chemoreceptors C. pain receptors D. medullary chemoreceptors E. carotid sinus pressoreceptors FF. Which electrolyte would be lost in severe hyperhydrosis A. B. C. D. E. Mg Na Cl Ca K GG. The specific heat of water applies to A. free energy liberated by its metabolism B. temperature at which it helps enzyme reactions C. ability of water to keep heat D. high temperature required to vaporize water E. ability of water to conduct heat II. Which area is stimulated first in the sneeze process A. B. C. D. nasal passage pterygoid sinus nasopharynx JJ. Salivary amylase is found in the gland cells as A. B. C. D. E. negative ions mucinogen maltase ptyalinogen mucin KK. During accommodation to near vision, which of the following is most obvious A. B. C. D. the ciliary muscle contracts the depth of focus is increased the field of vision narrows ciliary muscle relaxes LL. Chemicals causing the primary taste sensations of taste are correctly related in the following items A. B. C. D. bitter taste by acids salty taste by ionized salts sweet taste by organic substances sour taste by acids MM. Receptors for taste sensation are taste buds which A. contain taste cells which stimulate taste nerve fibers B. are not affected by the age of the individual C. degenerate when taste nerve fibers are destroyed HH. Precocious puberty occurs 4 NN. The receptor cells serving taste A. initiate impulses which are carried by the trigeminal nerve B. are confined to the tongue only C. are primary nerones D. none of these OO. The olfactory system can detect A. odor better by sniffing air than by breathing air B. a constant smell when the substances smelled are in concentration as low as one molecule in 1000 liters of air C. a difference in odor between isomers of the same substance PP. The true cause of achalasia [cardiospasm] is the inability of the extrinsic nerves to open the sphincter consequent to swallowing. Which is failure due to A. a degeneration of Auerbach’s plexus B. a lack of atropine C. failure of vagus to secrete acetylcholine D. atrophy of sphincter musculature E. none of the above are correct QQ. Receptors used for the detection of joint position are called A. B. C. D. E. interoceptors exeteroceptors chemoreceptors proprioceptors nociceptors RR. The color of feces is primarily due to A. the presence of chlorophyll B. the presence of thiamine and riboflavin C. the presence of fat D. dead bacteria E. the presence of bilirubin ureticus SS. Evidence indicates that somatotropin [STH] is secreted by A. chromophobes of pars distalis of adenohypophysis B. basophils of pars distalis of adenohypophysis C. acidophils of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis D. alpha cells of the neurohypophysis as a result of the production of the STH releasing factor produced by the hypothalamus E. hypothalamic cells that migrate into the neurohypophysis TT. Which of the following is a vital [necessary for life] endocrine gland A. B. C. D. E. anterior pituitary thyroid ovaries islets of Langerhans pineal UU. Aldosterone causes which action A. increased renal excretion of potassium B. increased renal tubular reabsorption of protein C. decreased reabsorption of chloride D. increased transfer of potassium into cells E. none of the above VV. The hormone used to stimulate the circulatory system would be A. B. C. D. E. epinephrine ACTH insulin growth homone FSH WW. All of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenals except A. B. C. D. insufficient antidiuretic hormone excess SH ACTH epinephrine 5 E. corticosteroids C. 1.3 liters D. 2.4 liters E. 6.8 liters XX. Insulin is said to be secreted by the A. B. C. D. E. alpha cells of the pancreas acinar cells of the pancreas cells of the pancreatic duct beta cells of the pancreas areolar cells of the pancreas YY. An overdose of insulin causes twitching, convulsions, unconsciousness and even death. These symptoms are due to A. subnormal concentrations of calcium ions in the blood B. reduction in blood proteins C. subnormal concentration of sugar in the blood D. lack of glycogen in the blood ZZ. The major channel for absorption of fat is A. B. C. D. E. stomach colon liver lymphatic system thoracic duct AAA. A. B. C. D. E. DDD. Plasma clearance of the kidney is best defined as A. the ability of the renal tubules to remove a certain amount of filtrate from the glomerulus B. the ability of ureters to carry certain plasma proteins away from the kidneys C. the ability of the kidney to remove a certain substance from the plasma at a certain rate of speed D. the clearing of urea from the bladder E. excess urination resulting in plasma protein escape from the blood EEE. Control of the pH of the extracellular fluids is regulated by A. B. C. D. E. lungs and kidneys heart and lungs kidneys and liver spleen and liver spleen and kidneys Glycogen is stored in the pancreas gall bladder liver spleen liver and muscles BBB. The secretion of gastric juice is increeased by the action of FFF. The average loss of water per day via urinary routes is about A. B. C. D. E. 150 cc to 300 cc 500 cc to 1000 cc 1000 cc to 1500 cc 1500 cc to 2000 cc 2000 cc to 2500 cc GGG. A. B. C. D. E. gastrin fats enterokinase rennin enterocrinin CCC. If the heart rate is 70 and the stroke volume is 70 cc, what is the cardiac output A. 4. 9 liters B. 5. 0 liters A. B. C. D. E. Fat is absorbed through the colon liver pancreas villi and lacteals gall bladder HHH. In an electrocardiogram, venticular contraction is associated with the A. P wave 6 B. C. D. E. T wave QT interval PQ interval Interval between T and P waves III. Salty taste is elicited by A. B. C. D. E. NaCl only positive ions only organic compounds ionized salts OH-groups JJJ. The substances that are capable of being smelled have certain characteristics. Which of these is not a common characteristic of odiferous substances A. B. C. D. E. water soluble highly ionizable fat soluble volatile esterified KKK. Adaptation of olfaction and gustation is partially receptor adaptation. The further adaptation to odors and taste is achieved by A. B. C. D. E. tonic receptor activity phasic receptor activity neurologic adaptation further adaptation doesn’t occur conscious inhibition LLL. Where in a reflex arc does the ultimate change occur A. B. C. D. E. receptor afferent pathway integrating center efferent pathway effector organ MMM. The typical direction of propagation of information along a nerve is A. axon-cell body-dendrite-terminals B. cell body-dendrite-axon-terminals C. dendrite-cell body-axonterminals NNN. Identify the label common to the one way transmission at the synapse A. B. C. D. Weber-Fechner Bell-Megendie power principle antidromic transmission OOO. Lack of vitamin B12 absorption results in A. B. C. D. E. sciatica leukemia pernicious anemia sclerosis all of the above PPP. Which of the following is not an anti-coagulant A. B. C. D. E. heparin antithrombin calcium antagonist accelerator globulin dicumarol QQQ. Human somatic cells in man have A. 22 autosomes and X and Y chromsomes B. 23 autosomes and X and Y chromosomes C. 24 autosomes and X and Y chromosomes D. 2 X chromosomes E. no X chromosomes RRR. A glucose tolerance test on a patient gave the following results: Fasting-94 mg One half-hour-146 mg One hour –133 mg Two hours-114 mg You can conclude this patient’s condition is A. B. C. D. E. hypothyroid hyperthyroid nephritic not diabetic diabetic 7 SSS. Vitamin K is important because of its role in the formation of A. B. C. D. E. platelets prothrombin thromboplastin myoglobin hemoglobin C. tunica media D. tunica adventitia E. none of these YYY. The following gland contains chromaffin cells A. B. C. D. E. adrenal gland pineal body anterior pituitary gland thymus gland none of the above TTT. Which of the following structures is not found in the left ventricle of the heart A. B. C. D. E. chordae tendinae aortic opening bicuspid valve pulmonary orifice papillary muscles UUU. The mucous glands of Littre are found in the A. B. C. D. E. esophagus nasal cavity tarsal plate uterus urethra VVV. The columns of Bertini are in the A. B. C. D. E. cecum of the large intestine rectum small intestines kidneys seminal vesicles WWW. The fossa of Rosenmuller is located in the A. B. C. D. E. oral cavity oral pharynx ovary cecum nasopharynx XXX. The thickness of an artery is due mainly to A. endothelium B. tunica intima ZZZ. The connective tissue sheath surrounding an entire muscle is called A. B. C. D. E. sheath of Schwann perimysium sarcolemma epimysium endomysium AAAA. The layer of rods and cones of the retina is arranged so that A. the rods and cones are in the middle layer of the retina and lie on their side B. the rods and cones are in the layer facing the vitreous humor and point toward the lens C. the rods and cones are in the layer facing the vitreous humor and point away from the lens D. the rods and cones are in the deep layer in contact with the choroid and point toward the lens E. the rods and cones are in the deep layer in contact with the choroid and point away from the lens BBBB. Centroacinar cells are associated with A. B. C. D. parathyroid liver pancreas thyroid 8 E. thymus CCCC. At basal conditions the largest arterial blood flow is to the A. B. C. D. E. skin spleen bone brain kidney DDDD. At resting conditions prolonged athletic training causes A. B. C. D. E. increased stoke volume increased cardiac rate increased arteriole flow decreased ventricular filling none of the above EEEE. When you inject an animal with ephinephrine, which of the following does not occur IIII. In the normal heart the SA node is the pacemaker because of it’s A. B. C. D. E. location in the atrium strength of impulse formation rate of impulse conduction abundance of nerve endings location in a passage way JJJJ. We can most likely expect an increase in venous pressure in response to A. an increase in cardiac output B. an increase in peripheral resistance C. an increase in total blood volume D. a decrease in venous tone E. a change in posture from standing to prone KKKK. Prostatic secretion A. B. C. D. E. gastrointestinal muscles contract bronchioles constrict pupils dilate heart rate increases increase in blood pressure FFFF. Antidiuretic hormone to the kidney will A. B. C. D. E. increase filtration rate decrease urine flow dilute urine increase tubular reabsorption decrease tubular secretion GGGG. Locate the two organs in the GI tract affecting gastric motility A. B. C. D. stomach and colon stomach and gall bladder stomach and parotid gland stomach and small intestines HHHH. When the membrane of a resting nerve has stimulated, the membrane A. B. C. D. E. moves to K balance moves to Na balance hyperpolarizes goes to –75 mv goes to –90 mv A. B. C. D. is alkaline is of no importance to reproduction is mucoid keeps sperm motile in the the female genital tract for 5 days E. none of the above LLLL. All of the following hormones are secreted by the adrenals except A. B. C. D. E. ACTH epinephrine corticosteroids aldosterone adrenaline MMMM. The most important hormone in regulation of sodium reabsorption in the kidney is A. B. C. D. E. ADH cortisone desocycorticosterone aldosterone diuretic NNNN. The hormone associated with gonadal development is A. oxytocin B. pitressin 9 C. FSH D. prolactin E. thyroxin OOOO. Glycogenolysis is accelerated in the presence of A. B. C. D. E. insulin ICSH FSH adrenaline prolactin PPPP. The endocrine gland associated with calcium-phosphorus balance is the A. B. C. D. E. thyroid parathyroid adrenal pituitary testes QQQQ. The most common classification of neurons found in the nervous system is A. B. C. D. E. unipolar bipolar multipolar golgi associative TTTT. The proteins of lymph are A. identical to plasma proteins and derived from them B. not identical to plasma proteins, but derived from them C. identical to plasma proteins, but not derived from them D. have no relation to plasma proteins E. does not contain proteins UUUU. Osmoreceptors are located in A. B. C. D. E. VVVV. The metabolic function of cortisol is A. B. C. D. SSSS. In which area of the cell does aerobic respiration take place A. B. C. D. E. endoplasmic reticulum nucleus mitochondria cytoplasm lysosomes stimulates gluconeogenesis mobilizes fats mobilizes proteins inhibits glucocorticoids WWWW. The posterior root ganglion contains which cell bodies A. B. C. D. E. RRRR. The velocity of conduction of nerve impulses is A. inversely proportional to the thickness [diameter] of nerve fibers B. unaffected by the diameter of the nerve fibers C. directly proportional to the diameter of the nerve fibers D. equal in all nerve fibers E. none of the above proximal convoluted tubules pituitary stalks adenohypophysis neurohypophysis hypothalamus cell bodies of efferent neurons cell bodies of afferent neurons cell bodies of internuncial neurons no cell bodies at all cell bodies of synapses of peripheral visceral systems XXXX. In starvation, the body uses it’s food supplies in the following order A. B. C. D. E. fats, CHO, proteins fats, proteins, CHO protein, CHO fats CHO, fats, proteins all are used at an equal rate YYYY. Increased number of production of alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans will result in A. B. C. D. hypoglycemia hyperglycemia hypocalcemia will not affect anything 10 ZZZZ. Which artery has blood normally in the same concentration as the blood in the vena cava A. B. C. D. E. pulmonary coronary hepatic renal aorta AAAAA. In the Indians in the Andes [above 15,000 ft] the reason for the high RBC count is due to one of the following A. B. C. D. increased oxygen decreased oxygen increased CO2 decreased CO2 BBBBB.The main constituent of the alkaline reserve via the blood buffer system is A. B. C. D. E. H2CO3 Na2HPO4 Na2CO3 RBC’s NaHCO3 D. conjugated lipids E. dextrins FFFFF. The circle of hypertrophy and distention in cardiac hypertension is classically found in A. B. C. D. left ventricle right ventricle left atrium right atrium GGGGG. Percentage of oxygen combined with hemoglobin from lungs to tissues is A. B. C. D. E. 10% 33% 67% 77% 97% HHHHH. What is the liquid contained in the cavity of Bowman’s capsule A. B. C. D. E. concentrated urine blood plasma blood plasma without protein freshly aerated blood used bile ready for excretion CCCCC.Myotonic variance deals with A. galvanic detection of muscle disease B. states of muscle tone C. the muscles’ response to an electric current D. differences in the percussion reflex between antagonists DDDDD. Absorption of mineral oil inhibits what vitamins A. B. C. D. E. E A and D C riboflavin niacin EEEEE. The principal digestion action in the stomach is on A. raw starch B. protein C. simple lipids IIIII. Which of the following is incorrect concerning the genetic code for amino acids A. each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of 3 nucleotides in the DNA strand B. the sequence of amino acids in the protein is determined by the sequence of code words in DNA C. a mutation is a permanent change in the amino acid sequence of DNA D. there is only one code for each amino acid JJJJJ. The principle by which stimulation of one muscle causes inhibition of the antagonistic muscle is called A. unconscious antagonism B. protective accommodation 11 C. dimetrical opposition D. reciprocal innervation E. neural suppression KKKKK. Which factors influence the stability of the plasma membrane permeability A. B. C. D. low calcium high calcium norepinephrine adrenalin LLLLL. Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid A. B. C. D. corticotropin thryotropin calcitonin oxytoxin MMMMM. As systemic filling decreases, cardiac output A. B. C. D. decreases increases stays the same decreases only with sympathetic stimulation NNNNN. A man exercising in a hot environment loses 4 liters of hypotonic sweat. The result is A. B. C. D. E. increased blood plasma increased extracelluar fluid decreased plasma osmolarity increased antidiuretic hormone decreased blood pressure OOOOO. Why is slow replacement of alveolar air important A. it prevents a sudden change in blood gases B. to prevent a too sudden exchange of CO2 thus affecting the respiratory center of the brain C. to prevent N2 absorption D. it prevents O2 poisoning PPPPP. If a substance is continuously moving into a cell through simple diffusion, then A. there is always a greater concentration in the environment than inside the cell B. a greater amount of carbon dioxide is involved when the substance enters the cell than when it leaves C. there is always a greater concentration within the cell than in the environment D. the cell is always in need of the substance QQQQQ. The medullary respiratory center is directly stimulated to increase respiration by which of the following A. B. C. D. PCO2 bradykinin blood pressure PO2 RRRRR.The principle effect of thyroxine is to increase the metabolic activities of most body tissues except A. B. C. D. spleen, testes, lungs liver brain, spleen, testes brain and retina SSSSS. The two main functions of the mineral-corticoids is ______ renal reabsorption of Na and ________ renal excretion of potassium A. B. C. D. decreased, decreased increased, increased decreased, increased increased, decreased TTTTT. If the cardiac output is 6 liters per minute it means that A. the total blood pumped by both ventricles is 6 liters per minute B. the total blood pumped by each ventricle is 6 liters per minute C. each atrium pumps 6 liters per minute D. both atria pump a total of 6 liters per minute 12 UUUUU. When a nerve cell is stimulated, the change across the cell membrane is known as A. B. C. D. E. post-after potential positive potential negative after-potential spike potential reshaw cell VVVVV. Which of the following is found in greater amounts in the extracellular fluid A. B. C. D. potassium sodium magnesium chlorides WWWWW. Post traumatic obstruction of the canal of Schlemm probably produces A. B. C. D. E. parosmia glaucoma gangrene petechial hemorrhage caput medusae XXXXX. Cardiac output is increased in a normal healthy person by all of the following but A. B. C. D. E. sympathetic stimulation increased temperature peripheral resistance increased heart rate only physiological hypertrophy of the heart YYYYY. Myelin on nerves A. B. C. D. acts as an insulator slows down conduction aids in synaptic transmission aids in passage at neuromuscular junction E. none of the above AAAAAA. Of the several types of white blood cells, which are normally most numerous A. B. C. D. E. basophils eosinophils monocytes lympocytes polymorphonuclear neutrophils BBBBBB. After forceful inspiration, the amount of air forcefully expired is equal to A. B. C. D. vital capacity residual volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume CCCCCC. The supporting tissues of the CNS are A. B. C. D. nissl bodies mitochondria pia mater oligodenrocytes DDDDDD. The two endocrine glands responsible for urine volume control are A. B. C. D. E. pituitary and gonadal pituitary and thyroid pituitary and adrenal gonadal and adrenal thyroid and gonadal EEEEEE. FSH functions to A. stimulate spermatogenesis B. stimulate maturation of the Graafian follicle C. stimulate ovum production D. causes ovulation E. causes sperm formation ZZZZZ. Which term means “decreased number of white blood cells” A. B. C. D. E. anemia leukemia leukocytosis leukopenia mononucleosis FFFFFF.The most accepted theory of nerve transmission at this time is A. chemical theory 13 B. electromagnetic theory C. electrochemical theory D. sound wave theory GGGGGG. The flow of blood through a vessel A. is directly proportional to the diameter B. is inversely proportional to the cross section C. is directly proportional to pressure and resistance D. is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to resistance HHHHHH. The respiratory adjustments to a high CO2 level in the tissues is A. increased depth and rate of respiration B. decreased depth and decreased rate of respiration C. decreased depth and decreased rate of respiration D. Cheyne-Stokes breathing IIIIII. The insulation junctions in cardiac muscle A. B. C. D. E. I bands A bands Z bands intrafusal fibers intercalated discs JJJJJJ. Under normal conditions, the glomerular filtration rate is primarily regulated by A. B. C. D. E. glomerular capillary blood flow gomerular capillary pressure intracapsular hydrostatic pressure plasma colloid osmotic pressure none of the above KKKKKK. The pressure in the glomeruli tending to force fluid through the glomerular pores into Bowman’s capsule averages approximately A. B. C. D. E. 10-20 mm Hg 20-30 mm Hg 30-40 mm Hg 40-60 mm Hg none of the above LLLLLL. The major stimulus for the secretion of entergastrone is A. B. C. D. E. fats proteins carbohydrates acids pressure MMMMMM. Luteinizing hormone A. is necessary for ovulation B. in necessary for change of follicular cells into lutein cells C. promotes secretion of progesterone by lutein cells D. secretion is diminished by progesterone E. all of the above NNNNNN. Considering the cell membrane potential, which of the following statements does not apply A. the membrane must be semipermeable B. the concentration of diffusible ions must be greater on one side than on the other side C. positive ions tend to concentrate on the outside of the cell D. negative ions tend to concentrate on the inside of the cell E. all of the above statements apply OOOOOO. Calcium and phosphate absorption are increased from the gastrointestinal tract by A. vitamin B12 B. vitamin A C. vitamin E 14 D. vitamin D E. vitamin C PPPPPP.Heart rate is 60 and stroke volume in 70 cc. What is the cardiac output A. B. C. D. E. 1.3 liters 4.2 liters 5 liters 2.4 liters none of these QQQQQQ. Which of the following would tend to increase blood pressure A. section of the vagal nerve supply to the heart B. section of the sympathetic nerve supply to the heart C. vasodilation of peripheral vessels D. shock E. none of these RRRRRR. When arterial pressure increases, then A. B. C. D. peripheral vessels constrict heart rate increases heart rate decreases heart volume increases SSSSSS.The secretion of gastric juice is increased by the action of A. B. C. D. E. gastrin fats enterokinase secretin enterokinin TTTTTT. Most of the energy utilized during a short period of strenuous exercise [2 minutes] is derived from A. B. C. D. E. protein metabolism anaerobic glycolysis beta oxidation of fats oxidation of carbohydrates oxygen attached to hemoglobin molecule UUUUUU. A man who devised a widely used test for color blindness is A. B. C. D. E. Hemhotz Zinn Ischihara Young none of these VVVVVV. Contraction of the ciliary muscles would cause A. B. C. D. E. lengthening of the eyeball shortening of the eyeball increased convexity of the lens decreased convexity of the lens closure of the iris WWWWWW. The action of the renal nerves on urine formation is limited to their effect on A. the reabsorption of Na by the tubules B. the pressure and flow of blood through the kidney C. the reabsorption of glucose D. the excretion of acid E. none of these 168. A man with blood group A, Rh negative A. can safely donate blood to a person with blood group B B. can safely receive blood from a donor who has blood group AB C. will have alpha agglutinins in his plasma D. can safely donate blood to a person who is Rh positive E. none of the above XXXXXX. Which of the following is a procoagulant A. B. C. D. E. heparin low pH spleen prothrombin none of the above YYYYYY. The normal pH of arterial blood is A. 7.0 15 B. C. D. E. 7.2 7.4 6.0 8.0 ZZZZZZ. Not of value in the maintenace of static equilibrium is/are A. the utricle B. the semicircular canals C. the cerebellum D. the visual mechanics AAAAAAA. The metabolism of the axon and maintenance of the myelin is thought to be a function of the A. B. C. D. E. neurolemma Schwann cells sodium pump nucleus of axon hamburger phenomenon BBBBBBB. The percentage of the human body composed of fluid is A. B. C. D. E. 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% CCCCCCC. The ion in highest concentration inside excitable cells is A. B. C. D. E. K Mg Na Fe Ca DDDDDDD. Excitable cells such as nerve and muscle differ from other cells primarily in that only excitable cells A. have an ionic concentration gradient across their membranes B. have an electric membrane C. can undergo rapid, transient changes in sodium permeability D. have active transport mechanisms E. are affected by electric currents EEEEEEE. Positive ions on the outside of a membrane of an excitable cell and negative ions on the inside create a/an A. B. C. D. E. action potential membrane potential spike potential sodium pump none of the above FFFFFFF. Under resting conditions, the membranes of nerve and muscle fibers are A. more permeable to potassium than sodium B. more permeable to sodium than potassium C. equally permeable to sodium and potassium D. all of the above E. none of the above GGGGGGG. produce A. B. C. D. E. The cells of Leydig cortisone thyroxine estrogen testosterone insulin 178.Basal metabolic rate in the adult male in square meters/hour A. B. C. D. E. 10 40 70 100 300 HHHHHHH. The capillary pressure in the glomerulus A. B. C. D. is the same as other capillaries 25 mm Hg 10 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 16 E. 60 mm Hg IIIIIII. A. B. C. D. E. The adenohypophysis secretes glucogon estradiol cortisone thyroxine adrenocorticotropin JJJJJJJ. ACTH secreted by the pituitary affects which gland A. B. C. D. E. NNNNNNN. The most important function of the sweat gland is thyroid parathyroid adrenal cortex adrenal medulla pancreas A. to help eliminate toxic substances from the body B. to help regulate body temperature C. to help regulate acid-base balance D. to help epidermal pores unobstructed by dirt E. to lubricate epidermal cells OOOOOOO. Bacterial activity in the feces may lead to the formation of all except A. B. C. D. E. K B6 riboflavin thiamine carotene KKKKKKK. The relationship of heart rate to cardiac output is A. negatively correlated B. positively correlated up to 200 beats per minute and negatively correlated after 200 beats per minute C. positively correlated D. negatively correlated up to 200 beats per minute and positively correlated after 200 beats per minute E. there is no correlation LLLLLLL. The ratio of oxygen used to carbon dioxide given off is called the A. B. C. D. catabolism anabolism respiratory quotient respiratory efficiency PPPPPPP. The glucocorticoid secretion is principally controlled by A. B. C. D. E. vagus ACTH TTH ADH the sympathetic system QQQQQQQ. The red blood cells of which of the following percents have the Rh antigen A. B. C. D. E. 25% 50% 85% 95% 100% MMMMMMM. Normally the predominant cerebral blood flow is influenced by RRRRRRR. Which of the following has the greatest combined cross-sectional area A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. plasma oxygen tension plasma CO2 tension cerebral activity somatic activity posture tension aorta small veins venules vena cava arterioles 17 SSSSSSS. Which of the following is not a corticosteroid A. B. C. D. E. aldosterone cortisol cortisone deoxycorticosterone epinephrine TTTTTTT. Spermatogenesis takes place in the A. B. C. D. E. interstitial cells sustentacular cells cells of Leydig epididymis cells of seminiferous tubules UUUUUUU. A nurse carrying for a supine, bed-ridden patient notices that he has a difficult time breathing, seems to be working hard to get the air in and out. Which expression should she use to describe this condition A. B. C. D. E. apnea dyspnea eupnea orthopnea cyanosis VVVVVVV. The number of pairs of autosomes in humans is A. B. C. D. E. 23 46 48 22 2 WWWWWWW. Which chamber of the heart ejects oxygenated blood into the general systemic circulation A. B. C. D. left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle XXXXXXX. Identify the origin of the impulse for the contraction of the myocardium A. Purkinje fibers B. C. D. E. SA node AV node vagus nerve Bundle of His YYYYYYY. The radial nerve is a continuation of the A. anerior division of the inferior trunk B. medial cord C. posterior cord D. lateral cord E. anterior division of the superior trunk ZZZZZZZ. The deep peroneal nerve supplies the A. peroneus longus brevis muscle B. anterior crural muscles C. transversus perineal profundus muscle D. pectineus muscle E. popliteus muscle AAAAAAAA. Termination of the great splanchnic nerve occurs in the A. B. C. D. E. submaxillary ganglion celiac ganglion otic ganglion stellate ganglion ganglion of Impar BBBBBBBB. If the long thoracic nerve is destroyed, paralysis of the ________ would result A. B. C. D. E. serratus anterior pectoralis minor latissimus dorsi pectoralis major subscapularis CCCCCCCC. nerves The paired mental A. help to form the ansa cervicalis B. supply tactile fibers to the cerebral hemispheres C. lie between the mental spines of the mandible D. are terminal of the inferior alveolar nerve E. are branches of the facial nerve 18 DDDDDDDD. Proprioceptors are nerve endings that receive stimulation from A. skeletal muscles, tendons and joints B. organ of Corti C. skin surfaces D. retina E. viscera of the body EEEEEEEE. The motor innervation of the diaphragm is from which nerve A. no true motor nerve, it only functions reflexively B. phrenic C. upper intercostal D. vagus E. phrenic and lower intercostal FFFFFFFF. Which is not a characteristic of cardiac muscle A. B. C. D. E. all-or-none law tetanization rhythmic contraction striations lipochrome B. C. D. E. motor unit motor end plate muscle sarcolemma IIIIIIII. Plasma proteins include [in health] A. B. C. D. E. thrombin albumin fibrin glycerides hemoglobin JJJJJJJJ. Which of the following varieties of connective tissue has the most universal distribution in the body A. B. C. D. E. lymphoid bone reticular adipose areolar KKKKKKKK. The tissue fluid in histological preparations is A. B. C. D. E. gel-like abundant yellow basophilic cannot be seen LLLLLLLL. Many glands are partitioned off into sections called lobes. What are the partitions called GGGGGGGG. Under normal circumstances, the largest volume of blood is located in the A. B. C. D. E. heart large arteries venules large veins pulmonary vessels HHHHHHHH. All muscle fibers innervated by the branching of the nerve fiber of a single motor neuron are called collectively the A. synaptic trough A. B. C. D. ducts interlobar partitions septa capsules MMMMMMMM. Where can fibrocartilage be found A. B. C. D. intervertebral discs trachea epiglottis cuneiform cartilage NNNNNNNN. cartilage What is the capsule of 19 A. B. C. D. a wall for cartilage inflammation lacuna itself lacuna lining plasma membrane of chondrocyte OOOOOOOO. Which of the following structures are not found in both bone and cartilage A. B. C. D. cytes lacunae fibrous layer canaliculae PPPPPPPP. Which of the following is not a part of periosteum A. B. C. D. osteogenic cells fibrous layer osteogenic layer osteocytes QQQQQQQQ. Which of the following are not associated with ossification of long bones A. B. C. D. epiphyseal plate diaphyseal center epiphyseal center intramembranous bone B. C. D. E. glucose fat glycogen all of the above UUUUUUUU. Bilirubin is a product of the metabolism of A. B. C. D. E. fatty acids hemoglobin cholesterol glucose nucleic acids VVVVVVVV. A general term for enzymes, which hydrolyze starch is A. B. C. D. E. maltases galactases zymases diastases amylases WWWWWWWW. A. B. C. D. E. All proteins are colorless are soluble in dilute saline are soluble in alcohol contain tryptophan have peptide linkages RRRRRRRR. The major category of proteins into which nearly all antibodies fall is XXXXXXXX. Bilirubin secreted into the intestine is subjected to enzymatic degradation, the final product being A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. glycoproteins gamma globulins lipoproteins glutelins serum albumins urobilinogen bilirubinogen biliverdin mesobilirubinogen stercobilin SSSSSSSS. In blood clotting, which of the following is not important YYYYYYYY. The diagnosis of rickets is assisted by the determination of A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. fibrinogen thrombin thromboplastin calcium ion chloride ion serum cholesterol serum alkaline phosphates plasma prothrombin serum amylase serum globulin TTTTTTTT. What is burned in the nerves for energy production A. protein 20 ZZZZZZZZ. Which tissue contains the greatest percentage of phospholipids C. straight collecting tubules D. terminal bronchioles E. calyces A. B. C. D. E. FFFFFFFFF. Which of the following would you associate with Schwann’s sheath skin bone muscle nerve blood AAAAAAAAA. Administration of any extract of which of the following glandular tissues may cause an increase in the sodium ion concentration in the plasma A. B. C. D. E. adrenal cortex adrenal medulla pancreas parathyroid thyroid BBBBBBBBB. Estradiol is produced in the largest amounts by the A. B. C. D. E. male gonads anterior pituitary posterior pituitary ovarian follicles corpus luteum CCCCCCCCC. Which of the following is chiefly responsible for the antibody activity of blood A. B. C. D. E. striated muscle blood vessel hair follicle neuroglia neuron GGGGGGGGG. Alpha, beta and delta cells would most likely be found in the A. B. C. D. E. thyroid islets of Langerhans hepatic cords gastric pits pituitary HHHHHHHHH. The meeting and union of human sex cells is believed to occur in the A. B. C. D. E. surface of the vagina upper third of the uterine tube middle third of the uterine tube lower third of the uterine tube uterus IIIIIIIII. Collagen is formed by A. B. C. D. E. serum albumin serum globulins fibrinogen prothrombin lecithin DDDDDDDDD. Of the following, which is present in the plasma and absent in the serum A. B. C. D. E. serum globulin serum albumin fibrinogen prothrombin lecithin EEEEEEEEE. Renal pyramids are composed of A. papillary ducts B. convoluted tubules A. B. C. D. E. PMNS erythrocytes fibroblasts suppuration coagulation JJJJJJJJJ. Energy needs vary greatly with each individual mainly due to A. B. C. D. E. endocrine disturbances physical activity socioeconomic level of the family genetic characteristics psychological problems KKKKKKKKK. Which of the following is the result of increased stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system 21 A. inhibition of gastrointestinal functions B. increased peristalsis C. secretion of digestive enzymes D. relaxation of the upper gastrointestinal sphinchters may be found in blood passing through the A. B. C. D. E. renal artery renal vein portal vein hepatic vein pulmonary artery LLLLLLLLL. What limits the theoretical maximal frequency at which nerve impulses can be produced in a neuron A. B. C. D. E. relative refractory period utilization time of stimulus absolute refractory period chronaxie negative afterpotential MMMMMMMMM. Identify the type of muscle contraction which does not affect muscle length A. B. C. D. E. isotonic isometric treppe isokinetic tetany NNNNNNNNN. The normal response from increase carotid sinus pressure is A. tachycardia and depressed blood pressure B. tachycardia and increased blood pressure C. bradycardia and increase blood pressure D. bradycardia and depressed blood pressure E. tachycardia and syncope OOOOOOOOO. Which of the following lung volumes or capacities is the largest A. B. C. D. E. inspiratory reserve tidal residual vital capacity expiratory reserve PPPPPPPPP. The lowest concentration of nitrogenous waste QQQQQQQQQ. Essential organic substances are primarily reabsorbed in the A. B. C. D. loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting duct RRRRRRRRR. Calcium absorption from the GI tract is increased by vitamin A. B. C. D. E. A B12 C D E SSSSSSSSS. The rate of cellular respiration is most directly affected by the hormone from which of the following endocrine gland A. B. C. D. E. pancreas adrenal cortex pituitary thyroid parathyroid TTTTTTTTT. The deficiency of which vitamin will cause the degeneration of myelin sheaths and muscular weakness A. B. C. D. E. niacin riboflavin folic acid* pyridoxine biotin 22