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Study of Life Chapter 1 Themes AP Bio Pre Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Name the kingdoms of life. Name 3 types of cells. Contrast these cells. What are the 3 domains of all living things. Name 1 scientist whose research led to the development of the cell theory. What scientists led to the development of the DNA model? Name 5 characteristics that all living things posess. Who is the father of evolution? What is the purpose of a control group? What are protein catalysts? Answers OBJECTIVES 1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology. 2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology. 3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization. 4. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life. 5. Distinguish between holism and reductionism. 6. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. 7. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 8. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function." 9. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them. 10. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology. 11. Outline the scientific method. 12. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning. 13. Explain how science and technology are interdependent Why study themes of Biology? • Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge – too much to memorize it all – need to _____________ ________________________________________ – create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge – _____________________________________________________ are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms Unifying Themes • • • • • • • • • • Emergent Properties~ hierarchy of life The Cell~ all organism’s basic structure Heritable Information~ DNA Structure & Function~ form and function Environmental Interaction~ organisms are open systems Regulation~ feedback mechanisms Unity & Diversity~ universal genetic code Evolution~ biology’s core theme; differential reproductive success Scientific Inquiry~ observation; testing; repeatability Science, Technology & Society~ functions of our world Emergent Properties/Characteristics of Life 1. ___________________________________. Organisms are highly organized, and other characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization. 2. ___________________________________. All living organisms are made of cells 3. Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes only from life (biogenesis). 4. ___________________________________. and Development. 5. ___________________________________. 6. ______________________________ Utilization. Organisms take in and transform energy to do work, including the maintenance of their ordered state. 7. ______________________________ to Environment. Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment. 8. ______________________________. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steadystate, even in the face of a fluctuating external environment. 9. ______________________________ Adaptation. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms and their environment. I. Life’s Hierarchical Order • The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the level below it I. Hierarchy of Organization • ______________________________________ • Molecule • Organelle • ______________________________________ • Tissues • ______________________________________ • Organism Levels of organization beyond the individual organism: •______________________________ Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species •Community •Populations of species living in the same area Ecosystems An energy-processing system ofi community interactions that include abiotic environmental factors •Biosphere •The sum of all the planet's ecosystems AP Bio Check Point • Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology beginning with an Atom. Form follows function • The alignment of ______________________________________ & ______________________________________ is seen at all levels of biology organism cell organ organelle II. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function • • • • Lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life. All organisms are composed of cells. – unicellular or multi cellular The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell and the formulation of the cell theory. – Robert ______________________________________(1665) examination of cork- tiny boxes which he called "cells" (really cell walls). • Anton van ______________________________________(1600's) used the microscope to observe living organisms • Matthias ______________________________________ and Theodor ______________________________________(1839) ~all living things are made of cells. – This formed the basis for the ______________________________________. Two major kinds of cells • ______________________________________ cell = Cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-enclosed nucleus. – ______________________________________ and ______________________________________ – Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells – Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the cell, as there is no membrane-bound nucleus – Most have tough external ______________________________________ Two major kinds of cells • ______________________________________ cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed Organelles. – ______________________________________, plants, ______________________________________, and animals • DNA is segregated from the rest of the cell within the nucleus • Some cells have a tough cell wall outside the plasma membrane (e.g., plant • cells). ______________________________________ cells lack cell walls. Check Point • Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. Check Point • Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. III. Reproduction • • • • • • Asexual Binary Fission~ bacteria Sexual Gametes Fruiting Bodies Flowers • ______________________________________ IV. Growth and Development • • • • Growth Development Metamorphosis Puberty V. Heredity • ______________________________________ • ______________________________________ in the form of DNA – ______________________________________– the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next You can make more, a lot like you! T R A I T Heredity Heredity • DNA • _____________________________________ • _____________________________________ • Role of DNA • VI. Energy Transfer Life is an open system – need input of energy • ______________________________________ flows through • energy comes in, energy goes out • need a constant input – need input of materials • ______________________________________ are recycled around & around nutrients Check Point • What type of energy enters the atmosphere? • What type of energy leaves the atmosphere? Energy utilization You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy! Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with their Environments • Organisms interact with their environment, which includes other organisms as well as ______________________________________ factors. • Both organism and environment are affected by the interaction between them. • Ecosystem dynamics include two major processes: • 1. ______________________________________ cycling • 2. ______________________________________ flow VII. Responsiveness • • • • • _____________________________________ Response Nervous System Endocrine System Electrical Impulses VIII. Homeostasis • Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions – maintain ______________________________________ – achieve this through ______________________________________ • monitor the body like a thermostat • turn on when it’s needed, off when its not Feedback • ______________________________________ feedback speeds a process _____________ • ______________________________________ feedback slows a process ______________________________________ • Organisms and cells also use chemical mediators to help regulate processes Feedback Regulation: Negative • Accumulation of an end product of a process ____________________________ that process • Example: sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway Feedback Regulation: Positive • An end product speeds ___________its production • Example: blood clotting in response to injury Examples of Regulation • The hormone insulin, for example, signals cells in vertebrate organisms to take up glucose. As a result, blood glucose levels go down. • In certain forms of diabetes mellitus, insulin is deficient and cells do not take up glucose as they should, and as a result, blood glucose levels remain high. Provide an example of positive and negative feedback processes. • Ex. Positive~ During pregnancy contractions increase until the baby is delivered. Metabolism • Sum of all ______________________________________ __________________________________in an organism • ______________________________________ • Activation energy • Anabolism- ______________________________________ • Catabolism- ______________________________________ down Metabolism IX. Evolution • Core theme of biology Charles Darwin Evolution explains unity & diversity • Unity – what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist? • common biochemistry & physiology – evolutionary relationships – connected through common ancestor • Diversity – but why are there differences? • natural selection • adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975) AP Bio Examples • Bacterial resistance to _____________________________________ • Peppered Moths Taxonomy Taxonomy • • Need for a universal system Three Domains 1. __________________________________ 2. __________________________________ 3. __________________________________ _________________________________ most inclusive Carolus ____________________________________ • • • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ 3 Domains of Life- 6 Kingdoms Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Organizing systems • Making sense out of the diversity • Hierarchical scheme Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Scientific Name • Binomial Nomenclature • Scientific Name • System is based on Phylogenetic relationships. • ___________________-___________________ Examples – _______________________________________________ ____________ Science as a process of inquiry Science as a process of inquiry • Built on repeatable observations & testable, _________________________________ hypotheses Scientific Method • Process which outlines a series of steps used to answer questions. – Not a rigid procedure. – Based on the conviction that natural phenomena have natural causes. – Requires evidence to logically solve problems. • The key ingredient of the scientific process is the _________________________________- _________________________________ method – Involves: 1. Asking a question and formulating a tentative answer or hypothesis by _________________________________ reasoning. 2. Using _________________________________ reasoning to make predictions from the hypothesis and then testing the validity of those predictions. Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning • Inductive reasoning = Making an inference from a set of specific ________________________________________________________________to reach a general ________________________________________________________________. • Deductive reasoning = Making an ________________________________________________________________ from ________________________________________________________________ premises to specific consequences • Usually takes the form of If...then logic. – Usually involves predicting experimental results that are expected if the hypothesis is true Provide an example of Inductive & Deductive reasoning • Ex. Deductive reasoning- If I step on the gas and turn the ignition, the car will start. – Predicting results from a hypothesis • Ex. Inductive-observations lead to generalizations Holism vs Reductionism Holism • The principle that a higher level of order cannot be meaningfully explained by examining component parts in isolation. • An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts. • Ex- A cell dismantled to its chemical ingredients is no longer a cell. • It is also difficult to analyze a complex process without taking it apart. Reductionism • A complex system can be understood by studying its component parts. • Ex- Watson and Crick deduced the role of DNA in inheritance by studying its molecular structure. Provide an Example of Reductionism • Ex. In order to understand inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA Science, technology & society • Science & technology must function within the rules of society – _____________________________________ We have a love-hate relationship with technology. • Pros – Improved our standard of living. • Cons – Creation of new problems • Ie. Increased population growth, acid rain, deforestation, global warming, nuclear accidents, ozone holes, toxic wastes, and endangered species. Phylogeny • • Branching tree of life. Species that are very similar share a common ancestor at a recent branch point on the ___________________________________________________ tree. • • Less closely related organisms share a more ancient common ancestor . Where all life began……. • All life is connected and can be traced back to primeval ________________________________________________________________ that existed more than __________ billion years ago. • In 1859, ________________________________________________________________ published On the Origin of Species in which he made two major points: 1. Species change, and contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through a process of "descent with modification." 2. A mechanism of evolutionary change is ________________________________________________________________ Natural selection Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations. Requirements for Natural Selection • • Requirements for Natural Selection • __________________________traits live All species have the potential to longer and reproduce more often ____________________________________ (differential reproduction) the earth. • • Many must die at an early age. ____________________________________ exists within the members of a species. Those with better • (_____________________________) • Traits are inheritable. • Process can account for new species and diversity. ANY QUESTIONS? AP Bio Post Assessment • Describe seven emergent properties associated with life. • Distinguish between holism and reductionism. • Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the • cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. • Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function.“ • List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them. • Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology. • Outline the scientific method. • Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning. Post Assessment Answers