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Differences of Classical Civilizations from Early River Valleys • Size and political strength • Larger land areas meant need for larger governments and stronger militaries • More complex cultures • Great religions emerged: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity & Confucianism philosophy • Many civilizations produced art and literature considered classics today Differences of Classical Civilizations from Early River Valleys • More numerous and better written records • More knowledge gained about classical civilizations because of better record keeping • All civilizations had writing and some developed alphabets • More complex long-distance trade • Great trade routes developed: Silk road trade and Indian Ocean trade • Trade systems increased prosperity, introduced new material goods, & spread ideas Differences of Classical Civilizations from Early River Valleys • More contact between nomads and sedentary people • Urban areas came in contact with areas on the periphery • Central Asian nomads took over transport of goods across the vast plains (settled into some areas, as well) • Attacks of nomads on civilization centers grew Differences of Classical Civilizations from Early River Valleys • More direct influence on modern civilizations • Many modern beliefs and practices are traceable to Classical Period (more than to early river valleys) • Modern law codes are similar to Roman law, not Hammurabi’s Code • Religious beliefs of Classical Period are in practice today 5 Broad Trends and Themes • New belief systems emerged • They spread beyond political boundaries, so that societies organized on the basis of religious and cultural traditions • Universalizing religions—such as Christianity and Buddhism appeared for the first time 6 Broad Trends and Themes • Number and size of empires grew dramatically • Large empires began encompassing smaller empires • Cites grew and became centers of political, economic, and religious power • Social structures became increasingly hierarchal 7 Broad Trends and Themes • Volume of long-distance trade, communication, and exchange increased substantially • Occurred through networks such as the Silk Road, Trans-Saharan caravan routes, & Indian Ocean Trade sea lanes • Separate networks connected societies of the Americas, but did not connect to networks in the Eastern Hemispere Chapter 2 Classical China University High School Chinese Dynasty Song • Using the tune Frere Jacques Shang, Zhou (“Joe”), Qin (“chin”), Han Shang, Zhou (“Joe”), Qin (“chin”), Han Sui (“swee”), Tang, Song Sui (“swee”), Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing (“ching”), Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing (“ching”), Republic Mao and Deng, Mao and Deng Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) • First documented rule in China (after Xia dynasty?) • Extension of the Huang He River Valley civilization • Views itself (China) as center of the world • Isolated; little trade with outside • New dynasties usually emerged from a family of a successful general, or even from a peasant rebellion. • Over time, dynasties grew weak • When one dynasty declines, another emerges Dynasty Cycle Zhou Dynasty 1029-258 BCE • Wu Wang displaced the Shang Dynasty • Extended territory south into the Yangtze River valley • Cultural changes: • Promoted one standard spoken language (Mandarin Chinese) • Human sacrificed banned Zhou Dynasty 1029-258 BCE • Zhou credited with Creating “Mandate of Heaven” • Used to justify dynastic rule based on the idea that Heaven transferred power of the dynasties and legitimized the current dynasty • Heaven would also be displeased with a poor leader and would cause that dynasty’s overthrow 14 15 Confucius’ Homeland Zhou Dynasty and Feudalism • Governed using feudal kingdoms (Feudalism) • Rulers gave land to family members, other noble families, and regional princes • In exchange for land, tax revenues and military troops were provided to the dynasty • Empire is so large (transportation/communication hard), feudalism seemed logical • Problems? Feudalism is unstable; depends on loyalty Zhou Dynasty and Feudalism • Era of the Warring States (402-201 BCE) • Eventually, regional rulers who were frustrated with Zhou emperors formed independent armies and broke away from Zhou China • Great philosophers tried to restore order and create political/social harmony through education • Confucius and Confucianism • Zhou declined because of 1) weakness of feudalism and 2) nomadic invasions QUICK REVIEW What kind of political system did the Zhou use? Was it effective or ineffective, ultimately? Qin Dynasty (221-201 BCE) • Qin Shi Huangdi – first and main emperor of Qin China Shi Huangdi 20 Qin Shi Huangdi First and main emperor of Qin China • Intelligent ruler: knew Zhou’s weakness was feudalism • Centralized power and ended feudalism by capturing feudal estates controlled by Chinese aristocrats • Created non-aristocratic officials to oversee provinces; no conflict of interest • Brutal ruler; powerful army crushed uprisings; used Legalism Qin Dynasty, cont. • Shi Huangdi began Great Wall of China • Now over 3,000 miles long • Built to protect from outside invasion • Largest construction project in human history; built by forced labor (corvée: no compensation, required labor) • Created national census • Calculate tax revenues and organize labor services more efficiently Shi Huangdi Qin Dynasty, cont. • Standardized coinage, weights and measurements • Created uniform written Mandarin Chinese • Supported peasants with new irrigation projects • Ultimately, Shi Huangdi was unpopular • Burned books; taxed heavily; military conscription Shi Huangdi Terracotta Army • Created around 210 BCE • Purpose: defend Shi Huangdi’s tomb, help him rule in the afterlife • Over 8,000 individual soldiers, 130 chariots, 520 horses buried in four pits around the tomb • Terracotta: clay-based unglazed ceramic Han Dynasty (201 BCE-220 CE) • After Qin collapse, Liu Bang took control of China, using able to bureaucrats to organize the new dynasty • Period of stability, prosperity, peace • Maintain centralized government from Qin Emperor Wu Ti Han Dynasty (201 BCE-220 CE) • Examination system developed: process for selecting civil servants to work in government • Emperor Wu Ti: 1) created civil service exam; 2) required civil servants to have formal training in Confucianism which would be a large part of the exam • Departed from Qin Legalism • Created scholar bureaucrats that did not have hereditary positions • Contributes to Han stability Emperor Wu Ti 26 Han Dynasty Han Dynasty (201 BCE-220 CE) • Extensive expansion of territory into central Asia • Han Wudi (140-87 BCE) decreed that nobles must divide their land among their songs result: large estates are broken up • Trade routes led to contact with India, Parthian Empire, Roman Empire • Emperor Wu Ti began construction of Silk Roads…but no weapons trade allowed • Buddhism spread Han Dynasty (201 BCE-220 CE) • Decline • Heavy taxes on peasants; poor harvests • Weak emperors and influence of army generals • Invasions by the Huns (Xiognu) • 184 CE: Yellow Turban Rebellion • Daoist revolutionaries and peasants rebel; frustrated by corruption of government and emperor; promise Daoist utopia • Three Kingdoms Period (220-589 CE): China was in a state of chaos Zhou, Qin, Han Expansion QUICK REVIEW What kind of government system did the Qin use? What did the Han add to this system? Political Institutions in Classical China • In Classical China, the belief in the desirability of central government is created. • Why? The government was seen as providing services for the people • Expansion of state functions allowed government to reach the common people (ex: regulation of agricultural production to control costs) Political Institutions in Classical China • Power of the emperor developed in Qin and Han • Central authority and strong government that supports emperor • Development of a educated, professional bureaucracy (civil servants) • Han create civil service tests to standardized selection process • Little emphasis on military since China did not depend on expansion to maintain its stability Religion and Culture in China • Religion • Rulers in the Zhou dynasty maintained a belief in gods and stressed the importance of a harmonious earthly life • Ancestor worship • Philosophies/Ideologies 1) Confucianism 2) Legalism 3) Daoism/Taoism Confucius handing the Buddha to Laozi Confucianism • Chinese ethical and philosophical system • Developed from the teachings of Confucius (551-478 BCE) on the eve of the Era of the Warring States (recorded in Analects of Confucius) • His students became disciples who elaborated his texts • Confucianism spread throughout Classical China; predominant philosophy Confucius Confucianism • Confucianism is incorporated into government teachings with Wu Ti • Supports loyalty to the state • Uses father/son :: emperor/subject analogy • Confucian beliefs: • Education; Self-regulation; proper exercise of power; propriety and etiquette; familial love and respect for parents; righteousness; honesty and trustworthiness; loyalty to the state; humaneness; respect elders/superiors Confucius Confucian Relationships • Five Relationships • Ruler :: Subject • Care, protection vs. loyalty • Parent :: Child • Care, educate vs. obedience, devotion • Elderly :: Youth • Kindness, counseling vs. respect, care • Husband :: Wife • Care, protection vs. loyalty, devotion • Friend :: Friend • Trust and reliability; an equal relationship Confucian Relationships • If all major relationships were handled with respect, kindness, and honor, then there would be peace and harmony • Notice that rulers have behavior guidelines, as well. Mandate of Heaven is revoked if they do not uphold Confucian values. Legalism • Qin and early Han periods • Strict system of obedience to government and law • Favors authoritarian state ruled by force (army to control people) • Human nature is evil and requires constant discipline • People’s responsibility to work for the government • Not successful in China overall, but influenced some policies and ideologies Shi Huangdi admired Legalist thinkers Daoism/Taoism • Founded by Lao Tzu (Laozi) (5th c. BCE) • Promoted humility, frugal living, simplicity • Human harmony with nature would naturally lead to balance in the Chinese political system • Yin and Yang Lao Tzu Daoism/Taoism • Practices: Secret rituals, ceremonies, mystery, magic, astrology • People should follow personal paths to self-knowledge; departs from Confucian formal education • Little influence politically (Confucianism was more successful) but large influence on Chinese medicine, art, and poetry Lao Tzu QUICK REVIEW What are the three philosophical systems of Classical China? Economy in China • Standardization of weights and measures by Qin facilitated trade • Extensive and regular internal trade using copper coins • Trade focused on luxury items: silk, jewelry, leather, furniture • Trade was not highly valued in Classical Chinese society (Confucian value of learning emphasized; merchants viewed poorly) Economy in China • Focused on agriculture; virtues of peasants • Expansion into Yangtze River Valley • Wheat grown in north, rice in south • Result: population growth • Traded food between wheat and rice growing regions Society in China • Social classes were hereditary • Not permanent; could move up • 1st Class: Landowning aristocracy and • • • • educated bureaucrats (2%) • 2nd Class: Laboring masses: peasants and urban artisans • 3rd Class: Unskilled jobs; performing artists, merchants, household slaves • Punished more harshly than other groups Importance of unity and extended families Patriarchy based on Confucianism • Women: power through sons, as mother-inlaw • Property rights: oldest male inherited Power of parents • Children punished severely for disobedience Ancestor worship Science and Technology in China • Accurate calendar (444 BCE): 365.25 days • Observed movements of Saturn and Jupiter • Developed early seismograph to measure earthquake strength • Medical research (principles of hygiene and anatomical knowledge) Science and Technology in China • Ox-drawn plows (300 BCE) • Iron mining • Pulleys brought material to surface • Improved tools and weapons • Water-powered mills • Aided manufacturing • Paper • Allowed government to keep records Chinese Art • Highly decorative, often representing nature • Chinese calligraphy is considered an art (especially according to Confucius) • Artwork found on bronze, pottery, carved jade, ivory, woven silk screens • No monumental buildings or large monuments • No major religion for which buildings are needed • Many palaces and tombs