Download Copy rights – www.SJJeyanth.yolasite.com 01.Our Solar system

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01.Our Solar system
Earth is a part of the solar system; Solar system is a part of the Milky Way or Galaxy
is a little part of Universe. Universe has a lot of million galaxies. A Galaxy has lot million
suns or stares. Science of universe is called the Cosmology. Universe has an unknown
boundary, Length in universe is calculated by light years or Astronomical unit, a light year is
9,460,528,405,000km and has a lot of things those are suns, planets, meteorites, gases,
nebulas, asteroids, comets and smog.
Notable Astronomers
Claudius Ptolemy (A.C 140) Crick astronomer – “Sun and other planets are moving around the
earth at the center”.
Copper Nickels (A.C 1543) Poland astronomer – “Sun is center of universe, earth, planets,
and other things of universe are moving around the sun, so he thought it solar system is equal
to universe”
Hershel (A.C 1805) English – “Galaxy is not only a solar system; it is milk way has a lot of
millions solar systems”
Edwin. B. Hubble (A.C 1925) – “Universe has a lot of million galaxies, and they are not in
permanent possession, diverge in highest speed”
Evolution of Universe
Many theories explain the origin of the universe, but two theories are important to
clear explanation.
1. Steady state
2. Big bang
These said on base of Einstein’s relativity theory and mathematical methods.
Steady state
Steady state theory explains on base of balance, Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold and
Fred Hoyle stated about it. It is “universe has not beginning and end; state of universe in now
was in always with universal things. Only if a star or galaxy disrobed, a new galaxy will
make in universe to balance. Universe spreads but Quantity of universal things does not
increase. Universal things diverge with spreading of universe in low density”.
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Big bang
Big bang theory is called the Evolutionary theory; many bodies accept it now.
Ball of energy was with height density, height temperature and height pressure it is
called the cosmic egg, and it had been made by without to natural. It was as a nebula in 8.0
billion years ago.
Cosmic egg suddenly broken, it is big bang. Cosmic egg was as a tennis ball, the
temperature 10 32 0 c was surrounding cosmic egg with height radiation.
It had spread into height temperature and height radiation; there were Quarks, Anti
Quarks, Leptons and Anti Leptons, those had been height radiation between them. Cosmic
egg had been specific composed by quarks.
Its boundary had been starting to decrease of temperature,
Proton had been made by then it three quarks
Leptons had changed as electron.
Neutron had made then, proton and electron joined
Low density atoms had made with simple iron molecules then protons and neutrons
joined, they are helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleus.
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Molecular clouds had made in pre – nebula with nucleus
Molecular clouds had rotation and it had looked as a disc, Protostar were in center of
the molecular disc. Molecular clouds were surrounding the protostar, it is nebula. Molecular
clouds had been got difficult accession by steller wind, molecular disc had been broken by
steller wind, and they had been made as planets so the disc called it protoplanetary disc.
Planets attracted gasses, smog and others for gravity.
Figure-01-Simplified mineralogical condensation sequence
Figure-02- The cosmochemical periodic
table
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Figure-03-Protostar
Figure-04- Big bang
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Galaxy
Universe has a lot of million galaxies Our Galaxy
is milk way has above 100,000 million stars, its diameter
is 100,000 light years and depth is 20,000light years.
Galaxy has surrounded nebula, nebula mean is “Clouds”
in Latin. Our nearest galaxy is “Andromeda Galaxy” in
2million light years from our galaxy.
Sun
Figure-05-Galuxy
Sun’s brightness is explained by scale magnitude. A lot of million stars are in the
universe and stars age calculates by their colors for examples are
Red star (3,000oc) – it is a baby, Orange star (4,000oc) – it is a child, Yellow star
(6,000oc) – it is a young, White star (11,000oc) – it is a elder, Light blue( 25,000oc <) – it is a
older. Our sun is yellow and its surface temperature is 6000oc and inter core temperature is
15,000,000oc.
Sun is a ball of gasses, each second 700, 000,000 tones hydrogen change 695,000,000
tones helium. Height radiation make the Gama rays Inter core temperature transfer to surface
it is convection. Sun has low density gasses those are hydrogen 73%, helium 25%, and other
gasses are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen.
Sun is 149,650,000km from earth. Sun is 99.8% in the solar system. Sun has 28 fold
gravity forces than earth. And our nearly star is
“Proxima Centauri”
Chart of sun’s physical characters
Photosphere composition
Hydrogen – 73%
Helium – 24.85%
Oxygen – 0.77%
Carbon – 0.28%
Figure-06-Sun
Iron – 0.16%
Sulfur – 0.12%
Neon - 0.12%
Nitrogen – 0.09%
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Figure-07-Surface of the Sun
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Silicon – 0.07%
Magnesium – 0.05%
Rotation of sun
Period – 25.38earth days (25d9h7min13s)
Velocity – 7.149 x 103km/h
Diameter – 1.362 x 106 km (109 x Earth)
Mass – 1.9891 x 1030kg (332,900 x Earth)
Average density – 1.408 x 103 kg/m3
Gravity - 27094g (28 x Earth)
Figure-08- Cross section of sun
Figure-09- Cross section of sun
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88 groups of stars have found till now: for examples are Andromeda, Arias, Cancer,
Capricorn us, Columba, Crux, Centaurs, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Orion, Pisces, Sagittarius,
Scorpios, Taurus and Virgo.
Figure-10-Star’s group
groups
Solar system
Figure-11-Solar system
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are revolving the
sun in their circular. Those are planets get the light from sun to their shinning: Planets don’t
diverge their way for sun’ gravity.
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Figure-12- Orbits of inner planets
Figure-13- Orbits of outer planets
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Names of
planets
Distance (mill
km) (AU)
Rotation
(earth’s
day)
Revolving
(earth’s)
moons
Equator
diameter
(km)
Density
(g/cm3)
Obliquity
Mercury
58.3(0.36AU)
58.8
88day
0
4878
5.43
0.1o
Venus
107.7(0.72AU) 224
243day
0
12032
5.25
177.4o
Earth
149.6(1.0AU)
1.0(24h)
365day.6hs 1
12756
5.52
23.45o
Mars
226(1.5AU)
1.029
687day
2
6794
3.95
25.19o
Jupiter
777.9(5.2AU)
0.411
11ye.10mo
16
141068
1.33
3.12o
Saturn
1427.1(9.5AU) 0.428
29ye.6mo
18
116296
0.69
26.73o
Uranus
2856(19.2AU)
0.748
84ye
15
52096
1.29
97.86o
Neptune
4497(30.1AU)
0.802
164ye.9mo
8
48400
1.64
29.56o
(A Astronomical unit = 14,960,000Km Earth’s distance from sun)
Inner Planets
The inner planets are the traditional name
for the region comprising the terrestrial planets
and asteroids. Composed mainly of silicates and
metals, the inner solar system relatively close the
sun, radius of this entire region is shorter than the
distance between Jupiter and Saturn.
The inner planets are left to right:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars the four inner
or terrestrial planets have dense, rocky composition, few or no moons and no ring systems.
They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such as the silicates which their crust and
mantles, and metals such as iron and nickel which from their cores. Three of the four planets
are Venus, Earth, and mars have atmosphere substantial enough to generate whether, all have
impact craters and tectonics surface features such as rift valley and volcanoes, the term inner
planets should not confused with inferior planets, inferior planets are closer to the Sun such
as Mercury and Venus.
Figure-14- Inner Planets
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the sun and the smallest planet (0.555 Earth’s masses).
Mercury hasn’t natural satellites, and it’s only known geological features besides impact
craters are lobed ridges, probably produced by a period of construction early in its history.
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Mercury’s almost negligible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off
its surface by the solar wind. It’s relatively large iron core thin mantle
have not yet been adequately explained. Hypotheses include that its
outer layers were stripped off by a giant impact and that it was
prevented from fully accreting by the young Sun’s energy.
Figure-15- Mercury
Venus
Venus is close in size to earth, (0.815Earth masses) and like earth, has a thick silicate
mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere and evidence of internal geological
activity. However, it is much drier than earth and its atmosphere is
ninety times as dense. Venus has no natural satellites. It is the hottest
planet, with surface temperatures over 400oc, most likely due to the
amount of green house gasses in the atmosphere. No definitive
evidence of current geological activity has been detected on Venus,
but it has no magnetic field that would prevent depletion of its
substantial atmosphere, which suggests that its atmosphere, which
suggests that its atmosphere is regularly replenished by volcanic
Figure-16-Venus
eruption. It has a anti revolving from other planets revolving.
Earth
Figure-17- Earth
Earth is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the
only one known to have current geological activity, and is the
only place in the universe where life is known to exist. Its liquid
hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is also
the only planet where planet where plate tectonics has been
observed. Earth’s atmosphere is radically different from those of
the other planets, having been altered by the presence of life to
contain 21% free oxygen. It has one natural satellite, the moon,
and the only large satellite of a terrestrial planet in the solar system.
Mars
Mars is smaller
than Earth and Venus
(0.107Earth masses).
It
possesses an atmosphere
of mostly carbon dioxide
with a surface pressure of
6.1mb (0.6%that of earth).
Its surface, peppered
Figure-18-Mars
with vast volcanoes
such as Olympus Mons and rift valleys such as valleys marine, shows geological activity that
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may have persisted until as recently as 2 million years ago. Its red colour comes from iron
oxide (rust) in its soil. Mars has two tiny natural satellites (Deimous and Phoebes) thought to
be captured asteroids.
Asteroid belt
Asteroids are mostly small solar system bodies composed mainly of refractory rocky
and metallic minerals.
The main asteroid belt occupies the orbit
between Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from
the sun. It is thought to be remnants from the solar
system’s formation that failed to coalesce of the
gravitational
interference of
Jupiter.
Asteroids
range in size
Figure-19-Asteroidbelt
from
hundreds
meters
across
kilo
to
microscopic, All asteroids save the largest, Ceres, are classified
Figure-20-Asteroid belt
as small solar system bodies, but some asteroids such as Vista
and Hygeia may be re classed as dwarf planets if they are shown to have achieved hydrostatic
equilibrium.
The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions, of objects over one
kilo meters in diameter. Despite this, the total mass of the main belt is unlikely to be more
than a 1000th of that of the Earth. The main belt is very sparsely populated; spacecraft
routinely pass though without incident. Asteroids with diameters 10 and 10-4m are called
meteoroids.
Ceres
Figure-21- Ceres
Ceres (2.77AU) is the largest body in the asteroid belt and is
classified as a dwarf planet. It has a diameter of slightly less than
1000km, and a mass large enough for its own gravity to pull it into a
spherical shape. Ceres was considered in the 1850s as further
observation revealed additional asteroids. It was again reclassified in
2006 as a dwarf planet.
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Asteroids Groups
Asteroids in the main belt are divided
into asteroids groups and families based on their
orbital characteristics. Asteroids moons are
asteroids that orbit layer asteroids. They are not
as clearly distinguished as planetary moons,
sometimes being almost as large as their
partners. The asteroid belt also contains main belt comets which may have been the source of
Earth’s water.
Trojan asteroids are located in either of Jupiter’s L4 or
L5 Points (gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing a
planet in its orbit): the term “Trojan” is also used for small bodies in any other planetary or
satellite Lagrange point. Hilda asteroids are in a2:3 resonances with Jupiter, that is, they go
around the sun three times for every two Jupiter orbits
Figure-22- Asteroid
The inner Solar system is also dusted with rogue asteroids, many of which cross the
orbits of the inner planets.
Outer Solar system
The outer region of the solar system is home to the
gas giants and their large moons. Many short period comets,
including the centaurs, also orbit in this region. Due to their
greater distance from the sun, the solid objects in the outer
solar system are composed of a higher proportion of ices
(such as water, ammonia, methane, often called ices in
planetary science) than the rocky denizens of the inner solar
system, as the colder temperatures allow these compounds to
remain solid.
The four outer planets, or gas giants (sometimes
called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99 percent of
the mass known to orbit the sun. Jupiter and Saturn
consist overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium; Uranus
and Neptune possess a greater proportion of ices in their makeup. Some astronomers suggest
they belong in their own category, “Ice giants”. All four gas giants have rings, although only
Saturn’s ring system is easily observed form Earth. The term outer planet should not be
confused with superior planet, which designates planets outside Earth’s orbit and thus
includes both the outer planets and Mars.
Figure-23- Outer solar system
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Jupiter
Jupiter at 318 Earth masses is 2.5 times all mass of all the
other planets put together. It is composed largely of hydrogen and
helium. Jupiter’s strong internal heat creates a number of semipermanent features in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the
Great Red Spot.
Jupiter has 63 known satellites. The four largest,
Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the
Figure-24- Jupiter
terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.
Ganymede, the largest satellite in the solar system, is larger than mercury.
Saturn
Saturn distinguished by its extensive ring
system, has several similarities to Jupiter, such as its
atmospheric composition and magnetosphere.
Although Saturn has 60% of Jupiter’s volume, it is
less than third as massive, at 95 Earth masses,
making it the least dense planet in the solar system.
Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites, two of
which, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of
geological activity, though they are largely made of ice.
Figure-25- Saturn
Titan is larger than mercury and the only satellite in the
solar system with a substantial atmosphere.
Uranus
Uranus at 14 Earth masses is the lightest of
the outer planets. Uniquely among the planets, it
orbits the Sun on its side, its axial tilt is over ninety
degrees to the ecliptic, it has a much colder core
than the other gas giants, and radiates very little heat
into space.
Uranus has 27 known satellites, the largest
ones being Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel and
Miranda.
Figure- 25- Uranus
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Neptune
Neptune though slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive equivalent to 17
Earth’s and therefore more dense. It radiates more internal
heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn.
Neptune has 13 known satellites. The largest Triton is
geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen. Triton is
the only large satellite with a retrograde orbit. Neptune is
accompanied in its orbit by a number of minor planets, termed
Neptune Trojans that are in 1:1
Figure -26- Neptune
resonance with it.
Comets
Comets are small solar system bodies, typically only a
few kilometers across, composed largely volatile ices. They
have highly eccentric orbits, generally a perihelion within the
orbits of the inner planets and an aphelion far beyond Pluto.
When a comet enters the inner solar system, its proximity to the
sun causes its icy surface to sublimate and ionize, creating a
coma: a long tail of gas and dust often visible to the naked eye.
Short – period comet have orbits lasting less than two
hundred years. Long – period comets are believed to originate
in the Kuiper – belt, while long – period comets, such as Hale –
Bopp, are believed to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comets
groups, such as the Kretz Sungrezers, formed from the breakup
of a single parent. Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may
Figure-27- Comets
originate outside the solar system, but determining their
precise orbits are difficult. Old comets that have had most of their volatiles driven out by
solar warming are often categorized as asteroids.
Kuiper belt
The Kuiper belt, the region’s first formation, is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid
belt, but composed mainly of ice. It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the sun. it is
composed mainly of small solar system bodies, but many of the largest kuiper belt objects,
such as Quaoar, Varuna, and Orcus, may be reclassified as dwarf planets. There are estimated
to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50km, but the total mass
of the kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of the earth.
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Many kuiper belt objects have
multiple satellite and most have
orbits that take then outside the
plane of the ecliptic.
Figure-28- Kuiper belt
Pluto and Charon
Pluto is at 39AU, a drawf planet, is the largest known object in the kuiper belt.when
discovered in 1930, it was considered to be the ninth planet, this changed in 2006 with the
adoption of a formal definition of planet. Pluto has a relatively eccentric orbit inclined 17
degrees to the ecliptic plane and ranging from 29.7AU from the sun at perihelion (within the
orbit of Neptune) to 49.5AU at aphelion.
It is unclear whether Charon, Pluto’s
largest moon, will continue to be classified as
such or as a dwarf planet itself. Both Pluto
and Charon orbit a barycenter of gravity
above their surfaces, making Pluto – Charon
a binary system. Two much smaller moons,
Nix and Hydra, orbit Pluto and Charon.
Figure-29-Pluto and Charon
Pluto has a 3:2 resonance with
Neptune, meaning that Pluto orbits twice
round the sun for every three Neptunian orbits. Kuiper
belt objects whose orbits share this resonance are called
Plutinos.
Introduction of Earth
Earth is the 3rd planet from the sun at a distance of about 150million kilometers
(9302miles). It takes 365.256days for the travel around the sun and 23.9345hours for the
Earth rotate a complete revolution. It has a diameter of about 12,756kilometers, but the
diameter of equator is 12,757km and diameter of polar is 12,714km so Earth is not a correctly
ball. It is only a few hundred kilometers large than that of Venus. Our atmosphere is
composed of 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen and 1% other constituents.
Earth is the only planet in the solar system known harbor life. Our planet’s rapid spin
and molten nickel-iron core give rise to an extensive magnetic field, which along with the
atmosphere, shields us from nearly all of the harmful radiation coming from the sun and other
stars. Earth’s atmosphere protects us from meteors, most of which burn up before they can
strike the surface.
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5.976e+24
Mass (kg)
1.0000e+00
Mass (Earth = 1)
6,378.14
Equatorial radius (km)
1.0000e+00
Equatorial radius (Earth = 1)
5.515
Mean density (gm/cm^3)
149,600,000
Mean distance from the Sun (km)
1.0000
Mean distance from the Sun (Earth = 1)
0.99727
Rotational period (days)
23.9345
Rotational period (hours)
365.256
Orbital period (days)
29.79
Mean orbital velocity (km/sec)
0.0167
Orbital eccentricity
23.45
Tilt of axis (degrees)
0.000
Orbital inclination (degrees)
11.18
Equatorial escape velocity (km/sec)
9.78
Equatorial surface gravity (m/sec^2)
37
Visual geometric albedo(%)
15°C
Mean surface temperature
1.013
Atmospheric pressure (bars)
Atmospheric composition
77%
Nitrogen
21%
Oxygen
2%
Other
Earth’s Rotation
The term Earth rotation refers to the spinning of our planet on its
axis. Because of rotation, the earth’s surface moves at the equator at a
speed of about 467m/s or slightly over hour. If you could looked down at
the Earth’s South Pole from space you would notice that the direction of
rotation is counter- clock wise, the opposite is true if the Earth is viewed
from the North Pole. One rotation takes exactly – four hours and is
called a mean solar day. The Earth’s rotation is responsible for the daily
cycles of the day and night. At any one moment in time, one half of the
Earth is in sunlight, while the other half is in darkness. The edge dividing
the daylight from night is called the circle of illumination. The earth’s
rotation also creates the apparent movement of the sun across the
horizon.
Figure -30- Pole rotation
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Figure -31- Earth’s rotation
Earth’s Revolution
The orbit of earth around the sun is called an Earth revolution. This celestial motion
takes 365.26daysto complete one cycle. Further, the Earth’s orbit around the sun is not
circular, but oval or elliptical. An elliptical orbit causes the Earth’s distance from the sun to
vary over a year. Yet, this phenomenon is not responsible for the earth’s seasons! This
variation in the distance from the sun causes the amount of solar radiation received by the
Earth to annually vary by about 6% (Figure-32) illustrates the positions in the Earth’s
revolution where it is closest and farthest from the sun. On January 3, perihelion, the earth is
closest to the sun. Earth is farthest from the sun on July 4, or aphelion (152.1million km). The
average distance of the Earth from the Sun over a one-year period is about 149.6 million km.
Figure -32- Earth’ Revolution
The ecliptic plane can be defined as two-dimensional flat surface that surface that
geometrically intersects the Earth’s orbital path around the sun. On this plane, the Earth’s
axis is not at right angles to this surface, but inclined at an angle of about 23.5o from the
perpendicular. (Figure-33) shows a side view of the Earth in its orbit about the Sun on four
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important dates: June solstice, September equinox, December solstice, and March equinox.
Note that the angle of the Earth’s axis in relation to the ecliptic plane and the North Star on
these four dates remains unchanged. Yet, the relative position of the Earth’s axis to the sun
does change during this cycle. This circumstance is responsible for the annual changes in the
height of the sun above the horizon. It also cause the seasons, by controlling the intensity and
duration of sunlight received by locations on the Earth. (Figure-33) shows an overhead view
of this same phenomenon. In this view, we can see how the circle of illumination is tangent to
the Arctic Circle is in 24 hours of darkness during the December sostice.
Firgure-33- Earth revolution and seasons
Figure-33: Annual change in the position of the Earth in its revolution around the Sun.
In this graphic, we are viewing the Earth from a position in space that is above the North Pole
at the summer solstice, the winter solstice, and the two equinoxes. Note how the position of
the North Pole on the Earth’s surface does not change. However, its position relative to the
Sun does change and this shift is responsible for the seasons. The red circle on each of the
Earths represents the Arctic Circle (66.5o N) .during the June solstice the area above the
Arctic Circle is experiencing 24 hours of daylight because the North pole is tilted 23.5o away
from the sun in the December solstice. During the two equinoxes, the circle of illumination
cuts through the polar axis and all locations on the Earth experience 12 hours of day and
night. Seasons are appropriate only for the Northern Hemisphere.
On June 21 or 22 the Earth is positioned in its orbit so that the North Pole is learning
23.5 toward the Sun causes the Sun (Figure-34). During the June solstice also called the
summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, all locations north of the equator have day
o
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lengths greater than twelve hours. On December 21 or 22 the Earth is positioned so that the
South Pole is leaning 23.5o toward the sun. During the December solstice also called the
winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, all locations north of the equator have day
lengths less than twelve hours, while all locations south of the equator have lengths
exceeding twelve hours.
Figure-34- Solstices
During the June solstice the Earth’s North Pole is tilted 23.5o towards the sun
relative to the circle of illumination. This phenomenon
keeps all places above a latitude of 66.5o N in 24 hours
of sunlight, while
locations below a
latitude of 66.5oS
are in darkness.
The North Pole
is tilted 23.5o
away from the
Figure-35-Summer
Sun relative to the
circle of illumination during the December solstice. On
this date, all places above latitude of 66.5o N are now in
darkness, while location below latitude of 66.5o S
Figure-36-Winter
receive 24 hours of daylight.
On September 22 or 23, also called the autumnal equinox in the Northern
Hemisphere, neither pole is tilted toward or away from the Sun (Figure-37). In the Northern
Hemisphere, March 20 or 21 marks the arrival of the vernal equinox or spring when once
again the Poles are not tilted toward or away from the Sun. Day lengths on both of these days,
regardless of latitude, are exactly 12 hours.
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Figure-37-Equinox
During the equinoxes, the axis of the Earth is not tilted toward or away from the Sun
and the circle of illumination cuts through the poles. This situation does not suggest that the
23.5o tilt of the Earth no longer exists. The vantage point of this graphic show that the Earth’s
axis is inclined 23.5o toward the viewer for both dates
(Figure-37).
The
red
circle
has
shown
in
the
graphic are the
Arctic Circle.
Figure-38-Spring
Figure-39-Autum
Figure-40-Earth’s Latitude
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Location's
March
Equinox
Latitude
June Solstice
September
Equinox
December
Solstice
September
22/23
December
21/22
June 21/22
March 20/21
90 N
0o
23.5 o
0o
- 23.5 o
70 N
20o
43.5 o
20 o
-3.5 o
66.5 N
23.5 o
47 o
23.5 o
0o
60 N
30 o
53.5 o
30 o
6.5 o
50 N
40 o
63.5 o
40 o
16.5 o
23.5 N
66.5 o
90 o
66.5 o
43 o
0 degrees
90 o
66.5 o
90 o
66.5 o
23.5 S
66.5 o
43 o
66.5 o
90 o
50 S
40 o
16.5 o
40 o
63.5 o o
60 S
30 o
6.5 o
30 o
53.5
66.5 S
23.5 o
0o
23.5 o
47 o
70 S
20 o
-3.5 o
20 o
43.5 o
90 S
0o
- 23.5 o
0o
23.5 o
Time Zone
1. Earth’s Rotation time is 24 hours
2. 360 Longitudes are in Earth.
3. 360 Longitudes across in 24 hours
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Figure-41-Earth’s Longitudes
4. So A Longitude take this time
=
360Longitudes
24hours
=
15Logitudes
An hour
=
15Logitudes
60 Minutes
=
A Longitudes
4 Minutes
If Earth’ Rotation is from West to East ,East get Sun rice in Fist to Fist that 180o
Longitude ,Time increase to East and decrease to West Longitudes for 4 minutes to each
Longitudes.
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Sun rays
SUN
Figure – 42 –Sun Rice
0o
PM2.00
W30o
-
P.M2.00 - (30Lo X 4mi)
+
P.M2.00 + (30Lo X 4mi)
W50o
PM2.00
W80o
-
P.M2.00 - (30Lo X 4mi)
E30o
W30o
+
P.M2.00 + (20Lo X 4mi)
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E70o
PM2.00
E30o
-
P.M2.00 - (40Lo X 4mi)
+
P.M2.00 + (40Lo X 4mi)
WI0o
PM2.00
W30o
-
P.M2.00 - (20Lo X 4mi)
E110o
E30o
+
P.M2.00 + (40Lo X 4mi)
Time Zone
Time may differ into one of country in place to place because A Country has many
longitudes, Common time zone omit it difficult, it is Greenwich Mean Time or Standard
Time, 0O Longitude passing through the Greenwich town in England, the Standard time for
British Isles the Standard from which most of the countries of the world reckon their standard
times. Mean solar time.
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Location(s)
Baker Island, Howland Island (both uninhabited)
Time zone
Time
UTC−12
00:00
Apia, Pago Pago
UTC−11
01:00
Honolulu, Papeete
UTC−10
02:00
Anchorage, Juneau
UTC−9
03:00
Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Vancouver,
Tijuana, Seattle
UTC−8
04:00
Boise, Calgary, Denver, El Paso, Hermosillo, Phoenix, Salt Lake
City
UTC−7
05:00
Chicago, Minneapolis, Mexico City, Houston, Nashville,
Winnipeg, San Salvador, San José, Guatemala City, Tegucigalpa,
Panama City
UTC−6
06:00
Toronto, Ottawa, New York City, Washington D.C., Havana,
Nassau, Kingston, Bogotá, Detroit, Lima, Quito
UTC−5
07:00
Caracas
UTC−4:30 07:30
Asunción, Bridgetown, Halifax, Roseau, Saint George, Santo
Domingo, San Juan, Santiago, Port of Spain
UTC−4
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
UTC−3:30 08:30
Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo
UTC−3
09:00
Fernando de Noronha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands
UTC−2
10:00
Azores, Cape Verde
UTC−1
11:00
Accra, Dakar, Monrovia, Dublin, Casablanca, London, Lisbon,
Reykjavík, Canary Islands
UTC
(UTC±0)
12:00
08:00
Algiers, Albania, Berlin, Kinshasa, Lagos, Yaoundé, Paris, Rome,
Bern, San Marino, Valletta, Praha, Brussels, Amsterdam, Wien,
Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Ljubljana, Zagreb, Belgrade,
UTC+1
Skopje, Stockholm, Oslo, Copenhagen, Luxembourg, Monaco,
Madrid, Tunis
13:00
Amman, Beirut, Istanbul, Nicosia, Athens, Damascus, Cairo,
Tripoli, Khartoum, Lubumbashi, Lusaka, Harare, Cape Town,
UTC+2
Helsinki, Jerusalem, Bucharest, Sofia, Kiev, Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius
14:00
Addis Ababa, Antananarivo, Baghdad, Dar es Salaam, Doha,
Kampala, Kuwait City, Manama, Moscow, Mogadishu, Nairobi,
Riyadh, Saint Petersburg, Sana'a
UTC+3
15:00
Tehran
UTC+3:30 15:30
Baku, Dubai, Muscat, Mauritius, Seychelles , Samara, Tbilisi
UTC+4
Kabul
UTC+4:30 16:30
Karachi, Maldives, Tashkent, Yekaterinburg
UTC+5
Colombo, Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
UTC+5:30 17:30
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16:00
17:00
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Kathmandu
UTC+5:45 17:45
Almaty, Dhaka, Omsk
UTC+6
Cocos Islands, Yangon
UTC+6:30 18:30
Bangkok, Jakarta, Hanoi, Krasnoyarsk
UTC+7
19:00
Beijing, Hong Kong, Irkutsk, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Perth,
Taipei, Singapore, Ulan Bator
UTC+8
20:00
Pyongyang, Seoul, Tokyo, Osaka, Yakutsk
UTC+9
21:00
Adelaide, Darwin
UTC+9:30 21:30
Melbourne, Sydney, Vladivostok
UTC+10
22:00
Magadan, Nouméa
UTC+11
23:00
UTC+12
00:00 (the
following
day)
18:00
Auckland, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Suva, Kiritimati, Nukualofa,
Chatham Islands
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