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Climate and Biomes Evolution and Adaptation Population Ecology Population Ecology I. Attributes of Populations - Population: A group of potentially interbreeding organisms at the same time and place, that share a common gene pool. - Population size : number of individuals - Population Growth Rate: change in number over time, as a function of (birth +immigration)- (death + emigration) - Population density : number per unit area - Range/distribution: geographic area over which the individuals are dispersed. - Population Structure: - age class structure - sex ratio - genetic structure - spatial structure (pattern of how individuals are distributed through the range) Population Ecology I. Attributes of Populations II.Distributions A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance – the Niche Concept Fremont’s Leather flower Population Ecology I. Attributes of Populations II.Distributions A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance performance Realized and fundamental niches Zones of optima, tolerance, intolerance temperature Population Ecology I. Attributes of Populations II.Distributions A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance 2. Barriers to Dispersal A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance 2. Barriers to Dispersal 3. Changes thru Time: Seasonal Migration A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance 2. Barriers to Dispersal 3. Changes thru Time: Seasonal Migration 4. Changes thru Time: Climate Change A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance 2. Barriers to Dispersal 3. Changes thru Time: Seasonal Migration 4. Changes thru Time: Climate Change Changes in elevational range cooler warmer Craig Moritz,1,2* James L. Patton,1,2 Chris J. Conroy,1 Juan L. Parra,1,2 Gary C. White,3 Steven R. Beissinger1,4. 2008. Impact of a Century of Climate Change on Small-Mammal Communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science 322:261-264. Craig Moritz,1,2* James L. Patton,1,2 Chris J. Conroy,1 Juan L. Parra,1,2 Gary C. White,3 Steven R. Beissinger1,4. 2008. Impact of a Century of Climate Change on Small-Mammal Communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science 322:261-264. A. Determining Factors 1. Environmental Tolerance 2. Barriers to Dispersal 3. Changes thru Time: Seasonal Migration 4. Changes thru Time: Climate Change 5. Niche Modeling and Invasive Species Probabilities of three Eucalyptus species being found in an area, mapped by climate and soil type. Probabilities of three Eucalyptus species being found in an area, mapped by climate and soil type. Probabilities of three Eucalyptus species being found in an area, mapped by climate and soil type. Problems: Doesn’t account for biological aspects of the environment - maybe the native range is limited by competition/predation - separated from that competitor/predator, the range may increase Water Hyacinth “Biological Control Agent” Neochetina eichhorniae Problems: Doesn’t account for biological aspects of the environment - maybe the native range is limited by competition/predation - separated from that competitor/predator, the range may increase Doesn’t account for the possibility of adaptation A. Determining Factors B. Dispersion – how organisms in a population are spaced B. Dispersion - Regular Low variance B. Dispersion - Regular - intraspecific competition - allelopathy - territoriality B. Dispersion - Clumped - patchy resource - social effects - limited dispersal High variance B. Dispersion - Random - canopy trees, later in succession Normal distribution B. Dispersion - Complexities Varies with type of dispersal B. Dispersion - Complexities Varies with life-history stage B. Dispersion - Complexities Varies with spatial scale and resource distribution C. Population Density 1. Correlates with Niche Parameters – greatest at center of range Density of Dickcissel, a prairie songbird C. Population Density 2. Habitat Selection Fretwell – Lucas model of habitat selection (1972) C. Population Density 3. Maintenance of Marginal Populations Why don’t these adapt to local conditions?