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memory, behavior, sleep
DRM and CRAT
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bed
slumber
pillow
nap
siesta
rest
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tired
dream
awake
yawn
drowsy
snore
DRM
• Recall and write down words appeared on
the first slide
DRM – 1
• Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm
• false memory (the tendency to falsely recall a
target word from a set list of words centered
around that target word) ~confabulation
• All of the words are semantically related to the
word sleep; however, sleep is not included in the
list. Deese found that 44% of participants
included sleep, an extra-list intrusion, in their
immediate free recall
• DID YOU RECALL „SLEEP“?
memory
• store, retain and recall x
recognize
• sensory-short-workinglong term memory
• declarative-procedural
• hippocampus (epilepsy,
encephalitis, embolia),
corpora mamillaria
(Korsakoff), nc. basalis
magnocellularis Meynerti
(Alzheimer), amygdala,
basal ganglia, cerebellum
• amnesia retrograde x
anterograde
• mechanisms-short: Hebb,
NMDA, LTP, LTD
• mechanisms-long: RNA,
sprouting, protein
Hebb synapses: synapses that are strengthened due to the coincidence of presynaptic neuro- transmitter release and postsynaptic firing
method and depth of processing affect how
an experience is stored in memory
• Organization - Mandler (1967) gave participants a pack of word
cards and asked them to sort them into any number of piles using
any system of categorization they liked. When they were later asked
to recall as many of the words as they could, those who used more
categories remembered more words. This study suggested that the
act of organizing information makes it more memorable.
• Distinctiveness - Eysenck and Eysenck (1980) asked participants
to say words in a distinctive way, e.g. spell the words out loud. Such
participants recalled the words better than those who simply read
them off a list.
• Effort - Tyler et al. (1979) had participants solve a series of
anagrams, some easy (FAHTER) and some difficult (HREFAT). The
participants recalled the difficult anagrams better, presumably
because they put more effort into them.
• Elaboration - Palmere et al. (1983) gave participants descriptive
paragraphs of a fictitious African nation. There were some short
paragraphs and some with extra sentences elaborating the main
idea. Recall was higher for the ideas in the elaborated paragraphs.
Learning – classical conditioning
• associative=conditioning
– classical
– operant
• non-associative
– habituation
– Sensitization=LTP
– place & exploratory
learning
– imprinting
– insight learning
– imitation
• critical period
Learning – operant conditioning
• Reinforcement
a behavior is strengthened, and thus,
more likely to happen again
– Positive Reinforcement: stronger by
following the behavior with a pleasant
– Negative Reinforcement: stronger by
taking away a negative stimulus.
• Punishment
a behavior is weakened, and thus, less
likely to happen again
– Negative Punishment: removing a
pleasant stimulus
– Positive Punishment: presenting an
unpleasant stimulus when the behavior
occurs
• Motivation
positive x negative
endogenous x exogenous
Learning – habituation
• http://www.youtube This short clip shows
.com/watch?v=Kfu habituation of a rat's
innate startle reflex to a
0FAAu-10
loud noise. The rat
shows a decrease in the
magnitude of the
response as a function
of repeated exposure to
the noise.
Learning – place cells
• http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=lfNV
v0A8QvI
Learning – imprinting
Imprinting is a form of learning closely associated
with innate behaviour. Konrad Lorenz conducted
an experiment with Greylag geese
Learning – insight and imitation
Insight learning = The ability of animals to perform
appropriate behaviours on the first attempt in situations
with which they have no prior experience.
Insight learning is best developed in primates. A
chimpanzee placed in an area where a banana is hung
too high to reach, but where boxes are scattered about,
will "size" up the situation, stack the boxes, climb up
and retrieve the banana.
Imitation (observation)
sleep
• unconsciousness from which
the organism can be aroused
by sensory stimuli
• a period of repair for a tired
brain and body (recuperative
theory), or an adaptive
mechanism to the long and
dangerous darkness of the
night (circadian theory)
• serotonergic ascending
tracts from the dorsal rapheal
nuclei may cause non-REM
sleep
• noradrenergic ascending
tracts from the locus
coeruleus may cause REM
sleep
• section A - the cat fell into a
coma - their EEG became
permanently synchronized
• section B - the cat was only
paralyzed, not comatose
stimulation - the cat "woke up"
- according to its EEG
awakeness
• ARAS
• The cholinergic cells are
active, so they facilitate
sensory thalamus and inhibit
the reticular nucleus.
• The inhibition of the reticular
nucleus actually excites the
sensory thalamus as well
(disinhibition = negative x
negative = positive).
• As a result the thalamus lets all
sensory information through,
and cortex is highly active and
desynchronized dealing with
all the input.
sleep - stages
• non-REM
– 1. alpha to theta (4-7 Hz)
twitches, (jerks,
myoclonus)=drowsiness
– 2. sleep spindles (brain's
active blocking of arousals)
and K-complex (brief arousal)
- stage
– 3. stage 2 plus delta activity
– 4. only delta (1-4 Hz)
sleep
• Destruction of the raphe nuclei (ser)
causes complete insomnia (lack of sleep)
for 3 or 4 days, but then, the animal begins
to sleep again
REM sleep
• The locus coeruleus
(NA) is responsible for
the paralysis, and the
destruction of this area in
cats produces "REM
sleep without atonia",
whereby the sleeping cat
moves about in bursts of
activity, seemingly
enacting its dreams.
behavior
• motivation (endogenous x exogenousintr-extrinsic) hypoglycaemia
drive hungry
•
• apetitive behavior
looking for breast
• key (sign) stimulus
breast papilla - nipple
behaviour instinctive sucking
•
• reward feeding
• behaviour: reflex – fixed-action
pattern – stereotypic – instinctive
– learned behavior
• Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen
and Karl von Frisch shared the
1973 Nobel Prize for physiology
or medicine for their work in
ethology.