Download Skene God in the machine Orcestra Theatron Greek Theatre

Greek Civilization and the Arts
Name _________________________________
Greek Culture
1. The Greek ideas, _____________, science, sports, medicine, philosophy, and government still impact our society
today. It is evident in the design of buildings, ____________________, and the drive to excel in sports.
2. Age of Pericles, named after the Athenian leader who championed democracy and encouraged
_______________.
3. Greek Philosophy was stated by __________________: "Man is the measure of all things." This statement
challenged the status quo and created a society of _______________ and ______________ risk-takers.
4. The human figure (_______________) was the principal motif of Greek art, just as man's dignity and worth are
central Greek concepts. Where Greek philosophy stressed _______________, order, and clarity of thought,
Greek art and architecture reflected a similar respect for _______________.
Greek Society
1. As Athenian society evolved, free men were divided between Citizens and _______________.
2. A citizen was born with Athenian parents and was the most powerful group, that could take part in the
government of the Polis. After compulsory service in the army they were expected to be government officials
and take part in _______________ Service.
3. A metic was of _______________ birth that had migrated to Athens, to either trade or practice a craft. A metic
had to pay taxes and sometimes required to serve in the army. However, they could never achieve full right s of
a Citizen, neither could they own houses or land and were not allowed to speak in law _______________.
4. Men if they were not training in military, or discussing politics went to the _______________ for entertainment.
To watch dramas that they could relate to, including tragedies and comedies. These often involved current
politics and gods in some form. It is thought that women were not allowed to watch theatre or perform at the
theatre, although _______________ actors did play women roles.
5. The social classes applied to men only, as women all took their social and legal status from their
_______________ or their male partner. Women in ancient Greece were not permitted to take part in
_______________ life.
6. Lives of Women in Ancient Greece were closely tied to _______________ work, spinning, weaving and other
domestic duties. They were not involved in public life or in _______________. The live were normally quite
confined to the house although one public duty was acting as a priestess at a temple.
7. Children in ancient Greece usually occupied their time playing with toys and _______________.
8. Greek boys played games like _______________, which were not part of the Olympic Games. The Ancient Greek
boys usually played games naked, so girls were forbidden to watch.
9. Ancient Greek women and girls were not expected to do much _______________ activity for recreation
purposes.
10. The Ancient Greeks also played games that did not involve much physical activity also, such as
_______________, dice, checkers and knucklebones. Here is a famous vase from the Vatican museum depicting
Achilles and Ajax playing 'Petteia' checkers. The Ancient Greek version of checkers was similar to what the
current game of _______________ is where the Game backgammon is derived from. The Ancient Greek version
of Checkers involved a board, stones and dice.
Greek Religion
1. Based on Polytheism—the belief in _______________ gods and goddesses
2. Hierarchy of gods—_______________, king of the gods, having control over others.
3. The gods were _______________ but were under control of fate. E.g. Odysseus fate was to return home after
the Trojan war, so the gods could only prolong his journey not kill him.
4. Greek religion had an extensive mythology. It consisted largely of stories of the gods and of how they affected
humans on Earth. _______________ often revolved around heroes and their actions.
Greek and Humanism
1. It is materialistic in that it sought _______________ for events in the natural world
2. it valued free _______________ in that it wanted to open up new possibilities for speculation
3. it valued humanity in that it placed human beings at the center of _______________ and social concerns.
Protagoras
Protagoras, a Greek philosopher and teacher who lived around the 5th century BC.
He appears to have made humanity the starting point for values and consideration when he created his now-famous
statement "Man is the measure of all things." In other words, it is not to the _______________ that we should look
when establishing standards, but instead to _______________.
Greek Art Reflected the Ideas of Greek Culture

Glorified, idealized _______________

Symbolized _______________ in the city-state

Honored the _______________

Include concepts of _______________, balance, order, moderation

Three periods of Greek culture
1. _______________ (650-490 BC)
2. Classical (480-323 BC)
3. _______________ (323-145 BC)
Archaic Period
1. The age is defined through the development of art at this time, specifically through the style of
_______________ and sculpture, showing the specific characteristics that would later be developed into the
more naturalistic style of the Classical period.
2. Archaic period saw advancements in _______________ theory, especially the beginnings of democracy, as
well as in culture and art. The knowledge and use of _______________ language which was lost in the Dark
Ages was re-established.
Classical period--Greece
1. the full development of the democratic system of government under the Athenian statesman Pericles
2. the building of the _______________ on the Acropolis
3. the creation of the _______________ of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides; and the founding of the
philosophical schools of Socrates and Plato.
Socrates
1. His main themes were know thyself, a belief in _______________, immorality of the soul, belief in education,
everyone has virtue and bad behavior is the result of ignorance
2. _______________ everything
3. Human insight
4. Put to death by the government for “_______________”, drank hemlock- “The corruption of the youth of
Athens”
Plato
1. Student of Socrates
2. Established the _______________
3. Gave voice to Socrates
4. Wrote "Dialogues“- his conversations with Socrates
5. Asked "What is _______________?"
6. Reality vs. _______________
7. 2 levels of reality- true reality was “ideas”, not material things
Aristotle
1. Student of _______________
2. Founded the school of Lyceum
3. Known for his common _______________, versatility, and ability to analyze and classify
4. Tutored _______________ the Great
5. Wrote "_______________ " on Drama
6. Defined _______________ - a great person meets his demise because of a character flaw or bad choice (Tragic
flaw)
7. His books founded the basis for scientific thought in the Renaissance and he is noted as the founder of the
_______________ method
Hellenistic period
1. Sparked by the conquest of _______________ the Great.
2. His conquest sent _______________ idea throughout Asia, Persia, and Africa.
3. Became a fusion of classic Greek and new culture.
4. Considered a cultural _______________ from “the good old days” of Classic Greek dominance.
Ancient Greek Music
1. _______________ ceremonies
2. Theatre
3. Epic _______________
4. Pythagoras’ study of harmonics—how strings and columns of air vibrate, how they produce overtones, how the
overtones are related arithmetically to one another,
5. Music _______________ have been found in ruins.
6. The pottery depicts use of musical _______________.
7. Greek Music—common instruments
a. Lyre has three strings and mythology says was created by _________________
b. Harp ________________________
c. Flute—mythology credits ________________ with the creation of the flute.
d. Kithara (or Cithara) --a _________________ instrument—sounding box
e. Aulos-- Y-shaped _____________ instrument that factor prominently in depictions of period musicians.
8. Plato outlined a curriculum of learning that later became, in the 7th century, the “Quadrivium” of study:
Arithmetic, Geometry, _______________ and Astronomy.
9. The development of modes (types of ____________) that later became adopted by the Roman Catholic Church
and formed the basic not only for church chants, but our own major and minor (or as the Greeks would say
______________ and _________________).
Dance in Ancient Greece
1. Ancient Greeks believed that dancing was invented by the _______________ and therefore they had associated
it with their religious and worshipping ceremonies. They believed that the gods offered this gift to some select
mortals only, who in turn taught dancing to their fellow-men.
2. Dance, along with writing, music, and physical exercise, was basic to the _______________ system and many
authors extol its virtues as means of cultivating both body and soul.
3. The Spartans danced mainly _______________ dances and drilled to the rhythm of marches. Girls too were
taught similar dance experiences which they performed in public. The Spartans not only danced before battles,
they also fought with rhythmic movements to the strains of _______________. All Athenian citizens were taught
the art of dance and the youths of wealthier families had private tuition in dance, music and poetry from
renowned instructors
4. Dancing in ancient Greece was closely connected with _______________: Plato thought that all dancing should
be based on _______________, as it was among the Egyptians.
5. Traditional Greek dancing has a primarily _______________ function. It brings the community together at key
points of the year, such as Easter, the grape harvest or patronal festivals; and at key points in the lives of
individuals and families, such as weddings. For this reason, tradition frequently dictates a strict order in the
arrangement of the dancers, for example, by age. Visitors tempted to join in a celebration should be careful not
to violate these arrangements, in which the prestige of the individual villagers may be embodied.
6. There are over _______________ traditional dances that come from all regions of Greece
7. Ceremonial expression of _______________ forces
8. For the sake of art (higher purpose)
9. Celebrated _______________, mystery, and power
Greek Theatre--Ancient Greek
1. Historians believe that ancient theatre began not as performance but as _______________ ritual and myth.
2. Scholars have said that the ancient Greeks invented _______________ as we know it.
Greek Advances in Theatre
1. Extremely large facilities for theatrical festivals were built for play _______________ and viewing.
2. There is a move from _______________ to performance.
3. Greek theatre can be traced back to 1200 BC when a group of people worshipped Dionysus. There were two
types of plays performed at the Dionysian festivals: tragedies and _______________.
Ancient Greeks Theatre
1. Drama competitions were first announced around 34 BC. A government organization was formed to name the
competitors and find “choregos” (wealthy patrons) who funded the productions. Supposedly, by funding the
drama festival, choregos were able to _______________ paying taxes.
2. Amphitheatres were built on the _______________ of Greece.
3. The theatres had an orcestra, skene, theatron and god in the machine.
4. Sometime around 500 BC an actor name _______________ stepped out of the chorus to recite lines.
Greek playwrights
1. Aeschylus=The Oresteia, Agamemnon
2. Sophocles=Oedipus Rex, Antigone
3. Euripedes=Medea, Trojan Women
A. Aristophanes=Lysistrata, The Birds
A. It was the playwright Aeschylus who instituted the advancement of a _______________ character.
B. Sophocles wrote a thi_______________ rd character into his plays.
C. The word tragedy comes from the Greek word tragos or _______________ singers which is sometimes
how the chorus is referred to.
Six Basic Ideas of Greek Tragedy
1. The protagonist should be _______________ born or have much to lose.
2. The protagonist should create _______________ in the audience by making a bad choice that the audience can
see but the character cannot.
3. The audience must identify with the protagonist. They must have fear, compassion or _______________ for this
character.
4. At the climax of the play, the protagonist must realize the _______________
5. The hero is _______________ and has no chance of redemption.
6. The audience should experience a catharsis that makes the audience feel _______________ for the character
and relieved that it didn’t happen to them.
Greek Theatre
1. Comedy is derived from komos or parade of _______________.
2. A satire is a type of _______________ and comes from the Greek word satyr or goat man. This is a type of play
performed after a trilogy at festivals.
3. Greek theatre did not utilize makeup; however, the greeks were quite advanced with _______________ that
represented their characters. The use of masks allowed the all-male cast to change characters quickly and to
play female characters more easily.
4. It is believed that scenery came into play during the 490s BC. Special effects for flying gods and goddesses were
achieved using the dues ex machine (god from the machine) which provided simple solution to plot problems.
Ancient Greece—Visual arts
Aegean--style
1. Geometric style
2. extensive use of _______________ varnish
3. abstract motifs
4. initially identical _______________ of animals (horses, stags, goats, geese, etc.) which alternate with the
geometrical bands
Hellenistic pottery
1. Decline in painting on vases during this period
2. Common vases were _______________ and uniform in shape
3. Decorated with simple _______________: flowers or festoons
4. Shiny in appearance
amphora
ca. 530 B.C.; Archaic
Attributed to the Euphiletos Painter
Greek
Terracotta; H. 24 1/2 in.
Black figure technique
Human figures as decoration
Greece--Architecture
Greek—Structure—_______________ and Lintel construction.
3 Greek orders in Architecture
1. Archaic-------_______________ Column
2. Classical-----Ionic Column
3. Hellenistic--Corinthian Column
Doric order
1. They have a _______________ (the top, or crown) made of a circle topped by a square.
2.
The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain and has 20 sides.
3. There is no _______________ in the Doric order.
4.
The Doric order is very plain, but powerful-looking in its design.
5. Doric, like most Greek styles, works well horizontally on buildings, that's why it was so good with the long
rectangular buildings made by the Greeks
Example of Doric order--Hephaisteion of Athens, Greece
Ionic order
•
Shafts _______________ than doric
•
Have _______________ which are lines carved from top to bottom. The base is a set of stacked rings
•
The capital is composed of scrolls above the shaft
•
More _______________ than the Doric.
Example of Ionic order--The Temple of Athena Nike in Athens, shown above, is one of the most famous
Ionic buildings in the world. It is located on the Acropolis.
Corinthian order
1. The most _______________ of the orders
2. capitals have _______________ and leaves below a small scroll.
3. The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian.
4. Cornices are at a _______________,
5. the Corinthian roofs are _______________.
Example of Corinthian order-- The remaining structure of The Temple of Olympian Zeus at Athens.
Greek Sculpture--archaic
1. free-standing nude MALE youth.
MALE = IDEAL—which is different from their Egyptian counterpoint
2. The clinched fists, standing with left leg forward similar to sculptures from Egypt
3. sculpture would be outside a temple or serve as a grave-marker
4. possibly a _______________, but usually a human athlete
5. rigid _______________ from Egyptian roots
6. Arms close to the body
7. "stylized geometry“
8. Notice the _______________
Example--Kore--female –notice the smile
9. The Archaic smile was used by Greek Archaic sculptors possibly to suggest that their subject was
_______________, and infused with a sense of well-being.
10. The smile is flat and quite unnatural looking, although it could be seen as a movement towards
_______________.
Sculpture—Classical Style
1. Example-- Kritios boy
2. No Archaic smile
3.
more _______________ body
4.
more natural form with movement
5. calmness, appearance of the contrapposto pose—a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot
so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs.
6. Idealized form – _______________
Greek Sculpture—Hellenistic
1. Greater emphasis was placed on generating dynamic _______________ and extreme poses in the art.
2. Greater _______________
Example of Hellenistic period-- The Dying _______________