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Diabetes
Richard Bolaji
SCIN132
Danielle Brunjes
September 3, 2016
RESEARCH PAPER
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Diabetes which is also known as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that
affects human body in such a way that the body is unable to produce enough insulin leading to
higher levels of glucose in the blood (Levin, 2008). Diabetes has been identified as a serious
health problem due to change in people's lifestyles as well as aging population. Diabetes causes
foot and leg blood vessels to harden. In addition, diabetes has been identified as the leading
cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations.
The research paper explores about the ongoing rate of diabetes-related amputations and
why they have a high collation. Statistics indicates that diabetic patients who have undergone
lower extremity amputation are likely to die compared to patients who have not received
amputation (Holt, 2011). The reason is because amputation is a procedure hence people do not
die after undergoing amputation but they die after the process and also after recovery.
Content Sentences
Incidence
The new rate of diabetes cases in 2016 shows that 422 million people have diabetes
globally. The rate has increased since 2013 whereby an estimated 382 million people suffered
from diabetes (Barnett, 2012). The current statistics shows that patients who are suffering from
diabetes are 15 times more likely to receive amputations compared to other people who do not
suffer from this condition. Globally, diabetes has been identified as the most leading cause of
amputation of lower limbs.
Prevalence
The prevalence of diabetes indicates 8.5 percent among adults. This rate is almost 4.7
percent doubled the rate since the year 1980. In future, the prevalence of diabetes is estimated to
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rise up to 4 million by the year 2025. The Type-Two diabetes constitutes 90 percent of the
diabetes cases. Some of the data indicates that the rate of men and women are equal even though
male cases of diabetes have been found within most of the population with the higher Type-Two
diabetes (Levin, 2008). The factors that contribute to diabetes are consequences of obesity, high
blood pressure, and sex differences in terms of insulin and tobacco or alcohol intake. In the year
2012, diabetes caused 1.5 deaths. It seems that the prevalence of diabetes is due to high blood
glucose and increase risks of cardiovascular disease. The fact is that diabetes occurs throughout
the global world but it is common in the developed nations.
Incidence to prevalence
The case of diabetes comes into two different types. First type that is termed as Type-1
diabetes was the first to be described. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are termed as separate
conditions. Type-1 diabetes is associated with the young people or youth while Type-2 diabetes
is associated with being overweight (Barnett, 2012). The fact is that American Heart Association
report showed that about 68 percent of people older than 65 years suffering from diabetes die
from heart disease. The reason is because diabetes affects the cardiovascular system in the
human body.
Financial Costs
Diabetes cases have increased worldwide preferably with a corresponding increase in the
health care budgets. The financial healthcare is termed as the building block of health system.
The disease pose burden to the individuals as well as society. There are potential resources that
could be lost or impacted such as opportunities for the individuals and society due to diabetes. In
terms of the financial costs, diabetes is estimated to costs about 14 billion pounds each year to
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treat individual suffering from diabetes and complications associated with the disease (Joslin,
2005). The high costs are spent when treating the complications caused by diabetes. Individual
treatment for diabetes ranges from 1,800 pounds and 2, 500 pounds.
Anatomy & Physiology:
There is probability for diabetes to cause the long-term damage to the human body.
Diabetes can affect any part of the human body. Some of the human body parts may be affected
more than others by diabetes. The organs that are affected by diabetes include kidneys, heart,
blood vessels, eyes and the nervous system. The organ systems that are affected by diabetes are
cardiovascular system, nervous system, virtual system and urinary system. The Cardiovascular
system consists of the heart and the blood vessels (Gregg, 2007). Nervous system consists of
nerves in the human body such as nerves that regulate the heart and other nerves in legs and
hands. Most people with diabetes have a nerve damaged that is referred to as diabetic
neuropathy. The other nerve that is affected is known as diabetic autonomic neuropathy that
affects the nerves, which regulate the human heart. Also, the disease whereby the condition leads
to blindness or blurred vision affects virtual system. Eye disorder occurs to those individuals
who suffer from diabetes and who are at risk of glaucoma and cataracts. Diabetes affects virtual
system in the human body leading to eye disease that is caused by high levels of blood sugar.
The other organ system that is affected by diabetes is known as urinal system. The high blood
levels of sugar causes kidney failure and at the same time damages human blood vessels. This is
due to a disease known as diabetic nephropathy. The urinary system is affected in such a way
that the kidneys are unable to filter blood properly.
Diagnosis
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Once diabetes has been suspected, the patient is advised to see a doctor so that an
accurate diagnosis is carried out and also appropriate treatment administered. The early diagnosis
of diabetes helps to prevent all diabetes related complications. All tests are done in order to
measure the glucose levels in the human blood. These tests are fasting blood glucose test,
random blood glucose test and HbA1c test. Fasting blood, which is a glucose or sugar test, is
identified as the most preferred way to diagnose diabetes. In addition, random blood glucose test
can also be used to diagnose diabetes (Anton, 2009). On the other hand, the aim of treating
diabetes is to maintain the healthy blood glucose level to range between 4.0mmol/L and
8.0mmol/L. Also treatment is provided in order to prevent the diabetic complications. The kind
of treatment for diabetes involves balancing the lifestyles factors such as exercise and diet intake
and use of medications. It is advisable for all patients suffering from diabetes to remain under
doctor's control and under diabetes management team in order to be assisted throughout the
medication and treatment. During the treatment process, the important stages are early detection,
effective monitoring of blood glucose levels of the patient and knowledge about the disease
condition. In terms of outcome, patient must show normal response. Impaired glucose tolerance
whereby a patient's fasting plasma glucose is less than 126mg/dl. There is a decrease in the
relative risk for micro-vascular disease for every one percent in A1C.
Conclusion Sentence:
Diabetes has been identified as a serious health problem due to change in people's
lifestyles as well as aging population. Diabetes causes foot and leg blood vessels to harden. In
addition, diabetes has been identified as the leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity
amputations. Diabetes has no cure but researches have been established in order to offer effective
management and treatments for the disease (Bonovas, 2004). Individuals who suffer from
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diabetes should have supposed from partners, diabetes groups and healthcare professionals. The
Type-2 diabetes can be reversed with lifestyles changes including eating f healthier foods as well
as exercising to lose weight. People should have control over their blood sugar, blood pressure
and cholesterol intake in order to prevent or reduce eye disease, stroke, nervous system disease,
kidney disease and heart attack.
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Bibliography
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diabetic foot. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier.
Bonovas, S., Peponis, V. and Filioussi, K. (2004), Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for primary
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doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01173.x
Anton, J., Gert-Uno, L., Nerrolyn, R., Aleksandra, T., Ann-B., Isam.,
(2009),
Incidence
of
Lower-Limb Amputation in the Diabetic and Nondiabetic General Population. Diabetes
Care, 32 (2) 275-280; DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1639
Holt, R. I. G., Cockram, C., Flyvbjerg, A., & Goldstein, B. J. (2011). Textbook of Diabetes. New
York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Barnett, A. H. (2012). Type 2 diabetes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gregg, J., Callaghan, G. M., & Hayes, S. C. (2007). Diabetes lifestyle book: Facing your fears &
making changes for a long & healthy life. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Joslin, E. P., & Kahn, C. R. (2005). Joslin's diabetes mellitus. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Willkins.