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Strange Bedfellows: Behavior Science & Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy Learning Objectives I. Summarize the impact of the four types of environmental consequences on operant behavior. In operant conditioning, responses either increase or decrease in probability depending on the environmental consequences. The following table shows the impact of the four types of environmental consequences (1-4) on operant behavior. Stimulus Presented Stimulus Removed Response Increases 1) Positive Reinforcement 2) Negative Reinforcement Response Decreases 3) Punishment 4) Negative Punishment It is important to remember that classification of a stimulus as a reinforcer or punisher does not depend on its qualities, only its function. II. Describe response generalization (induction) and its relevance to group psychotherapy. Generalization in Operant Conditioning: There are two types – Stimulus generalization and response generalization, also known as induction. Stimulus generalization affects the ability to respond successfully to stimuli that are not the same as the original, but do resemble the original. Response generalization affects the ability to use different responses to achieve the same or similar result. III. Summarize cultural behavior and its relevance to resistance in group psychotherapy. Cultural behavior is a special class of operant behavior and is learned through the imparting of rules and the modeling of behavior. Families can be considered to have their own culture, and the cultural conditioning in families can cause powerful resistance to changing social behavior, even if this thwarts current needs and desires. Russell Hopfenberg. PhD, CGP, FAGPA 919-431-0085 Workshop 56-5 2/26/2016 New York, NY Page 1 of 2 Strange Bedfellows: Behavior Science & Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy IV. Explain the connection between respondent conditioning and emotional difficulties and their amelioration in psychodynamic group psychotherapy. Distinctions Between Operant and Respondent Conditioning Feature Causative Stimuli Stimulus presentation Typical Physiology Response Operant Conditioning Follow response Response is necessary Striped muscles Emitted Group Relationship Involvement Family Relationship Conditioning CSR CSP CSR UCSR CSP UCSP UCSRCRR UCSPCRP Group Relationship Avoidance CSR UCSR CSP UCSP Respondent Conditioning Precede response Response is not necessary Glands & smooth muscles Elicited Associated anxiety anxious enthusiasm Enhanced CRR Diminished CRP Experience of deprivation / depression Anxiety is avoided Extinguished CRR Avoided CRP Left: Family relationships are associated with nurturing as well as abuse. Top center: Through Group Relationship Involvement, the group member experiences the desirous CSR and UCSR. They are also exposed to the aversive CSP but without the aversive UCSP, which eventually causes the CSP to lose its ability to elicit anxiety. Top right: Continued engagement in the group relationships without experiencing abuse initially leads to anxiety followed by its attenuation. This, combined with the experience of support and connection, leads to anxious enthusiasm. Bottom center: With Group Relationship Avoidance, the group member does not experience the desirous UCSR. Additionally, they are not exposed to the CSP and also not exposed to the UCSP as indicated by the ellipse. Bottom right: Ironically, non-exposure to the CSP and UCSP avoids the anxious response (CRP) yet causes the CSP to maintain its ability to elicit anxiety. Thus anxiety is avoided but at the cost of depression caused by deprivation of interpersonal support and nurturing. Russell Hopfenberg. PhD, CGP, FAGPA 919-431-0085 Workshop 56-5 2/26/2016 New York, NY Page 2 of 2