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Early Exploration By Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry High School ► In the late 15th Century (1400s) Europe changed the world with its attempts to find alternate trade routes to Asia ► Many explorers were also out to : Find gold Find glory ► Exploration also coincides with the Catholic Reformation Many Europeans were out to spread Christianity to new lands Quest for Spices ► In the 14th Century (1300s), Europeans used spices from India and Asia Preservation of food Adding taste to food Creating perfumes Creating medicines Pepper Cinnamon Nutmeg Mace Cloves ► Some spices included: ► Unfortunately, the spice trade was controlled by Islamic and Venetian merchants These merchants had a monopoly over the spice trade and could charge any price for the spices ► Europeans wanted to find a cheaper way to get spices than from the merchants ► To get the spices cheaper, the Europeans decided to go to Asia to get them themselves But, they needed to find shorter ways to get to Asia to save some money Land routes were not safe The Europeans had to turn to the sea to reach the Asian spices ► Europeans also had another motive for going to Asia—spreading Christianity and stopping Islam from spreading in the region ► Sailors had to be trained in navigation in order to travel the seas Had to be trained to read maps Learn to use the stars to navigate Use known landmarks on the coasts Use hourglasses to keep track of time spent at sea Learn to use the compass Learn to use the astrolabe Astrolabe ► Ships had to be built to withstand the long voyages Builders used lateens—triangular shaped sails that allows a boat to sail into the wind Builders added more sails to the ships to help them travel faster Portugal ► ****Portugal was the 1st nation to set sail looking for a new route to Asia**** ► The Portuguese sailed along the western coast of Africa looking for a way around to Asia As they sailed along the West African coast, the Portuguese created trade colonies on the coast ► Portugal created the 1st school for navigators ► The school was created by Prince Henry in Sagres, Portugal ► Henry never sailed, but he did sponsor many voyages Prince Henry the Navigator ► 1487: Bartholomeu Dias left Portugal looking for the southern tip of Africa ► 1488: Dias found the southern tip of Africa and named it the Cape of Good Hope ► Dias’ discovery proved that ships could sail around Africa to Asia ► Unfortunately, Dias could go no further and had to return to Portugal Bartolomeu Dias ► 1497: Vasco de Gama left Portugal headed for India ► His ships rounded the Cape of Good hope, and he headed up the eastern coast of Africa ► Within 10 months, de Gama had reached India ► Vasco de Gama had found the 1st real sea route to Asia Unfortunately, Portugal felt they were just a little late in the race to Asia Spain claimed to have found a route in 1492, but Spain was soon to discover they had found something a little better! Vasco de Gama Spain ► In the late 15th Century (1400s), Spain was led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ► The Spanish monarchs wanted to reap the benefits of exploration They had seen the exotic treasures coming into Portugal from Africa and Isabella sponsor and Italian man with a revolutionary idea to reach Asia—Christopher Columbus ► Ferdinand ► Ferdinand and Isabella initially declined to sponsor Columbus (1486); however, they eventually agree to help the Italian ► Columbus’ idea was that he could sail WEST to reach Asia—which was east of Spain His theory revolved around the belief of the world being round ► Columbus believed Asia (India) only lay 2200 miles to the west—he was really wrong ► August ships of 1492: Columbus left Spain with 3 Nina Pinta Santa Maria ► Columbus and his crew sailed for an extremely long period of time without seeing land ► His crew try to convince Columbus to turn around and head back to Spain ► Some of the crew were planning a mutiny ► Columbus learned of the planned mutiny and struck a deal with his crew ► If they had not found land in the next 3 days, the expedition would be cancelled, and they would turn for home ► On the 2nd day, they spotted land ► Columbus thought he had landed on some islands near India ► Instead, he had landed in the Bahamas ► Because he believed he was near India, he called the people Indians ► He also called the area the West Indies ► Over a 3 month period, Columbus and his crew explored Cuba and Hispaniola ► Columbus was looking for riches—gold and silver—to take back to Ferdinand and Isabella Unfortunately, the Caribbean Islands have very little gold or silver Columbus and his men began collecting animals and plants to prove they had found a route to “India” ► Columbus made 3 more trips to the Caribbean before he died in 1506 ► Columbus died believing he had discovered a western route to Asia Ferdinand and Isabella Christopher Columbus ► Ironically, 1-year after Columbus’ death— 1507—someone realized that Columbus had not landed in India, but had found a entire New World ► The man who made the startling discovery—Amerigo Vespucci ► The New World was then named after Vespucci--America Amerigo Vespucci Controversy ► Both Spain and Portugal wanted to protect what they had been exploring ► Both nations turn to the Pope for help ► 1493: The Pope settles the issues buy developing the line of demarcation In 1493, Spain claimed to have a route to Asia and Portugal wanted to protect its trade colonies in Africa ► the line ran from the North Pole to the South Pole in the Atlantic Ocean Spain got all lands west of the line Portugal go all lands east of the line ► 1494: Spain and Portugal signed a treaty that moved the line of demarcation a little further west—Treaty of Tordesillas ► By moving the line just a little, Portugal now will have a claim to part of South America Line of Demarcation in 1493 & 1494 Ferdinand Magellan ► Magellan was a Portuguese man who was sponsored by and sailed for Spain ► Magellan wanted to proved that Columbus’ idea could be done—one could sail west to reach Asia ► 1519: Magellan left Spain headed west He took 5 ships and 260 crew ► He had to find a way to get around South America Eventually, they found a way through the Straits of Magellan Magellan lost 2 ships passing through the straits ► Magellan had also passed from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean ► Magellan sailed in the Pacific for 4 months without spotting land ► They eventually landed in some small Pacific islands ► Magellan will be killed on one of these islands, but his voyage will continue ► 1522: Magellan’s ships finally make it all the way home to Spain—the 1st voyage to circumnavigate the globe ► Magellan’s facts: voyage proved 2 very important 1.) The world is round and very, very large 2.) The Earth’s oceans are connected Ferdinand Magellan Overseas Empires ► Spain and Portugal were divided by the Treaty of Tordesillas ► Both nations followed the treaty ► Other nations of Europe wanted to get in on what Spain and Portugal had found ► England, France, Netherlands began visiting the areas claimed by Spain and Portugal— illegally taking land for themselves Portuguese Empire ► Portugal concentrated on Africa and Asia ► They were interested in trade in Africa and Asia, not colonizing ► The Portuguese wanted to protect their route to Asia ► 1500: Portugal sent out Pedro Alvares Cabral with 13 ships to take the Indian Ocean trade away from the Muslims ► On his way from Portugal to go around Africa, Cabral was blown off course and landed in South America ► He claimed the land in South America for Portugal, then headed on his way to India around Africa ► The land that Cabral claimed became Brazil—the only Portuguese holding in the New World ► Portugal will establish a few colonies in Brazil ► Plantations were established in Brazil ► These plantations grew lots of crops: Coffee Tobacco Sugarcane Cotton ► Slaves were brought from Africa to work on these Brazilian plantations Pedro Alvares Cabral Spanish Empire ► Spain concentrated their attention on the New World West Indies Central America Most of South America Southern parts of North America ► Spain was interested in colonizing the New World Spain was trying to create a massive empire ► Spain sent men to the New World to explore the land and to conquer the natives--conquistadors ► 1.) Hernan Cortes: ► 1519: Cortes was stationed in Cuba ► He left Cuba headed to Mexico with the hopes of finding gold and getting rich ► Cortes took 11 ships and 500 men to Mexico ► He traveled to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan Many Aztecs believed that Cortes and his men were gods The Aztecs had never seen horses ► Moctezuma—the Aztec emperor—welcomed the Spanish into his city and offered Cortes lots of gold ► Fighting eventually broke out between Cortes’ men and the Aztecs ► Cortes’ men slaughtered nearly 50,000 Aztecs in the battle ► Also, Cortes’ and his men brought diseases that the Aztecs had no immunity for, killing thousands of Aztecs ► With so many Aztecs dead, Cortes was able to conquer them and rule over all of Mexico Hernan Cortes Conquest of Tenochtitlan ► 2.) Francisco Pizarro: ► Pizarro invaded the Inca Empire in South America ► Pizarro captured the Inca Emperor— Atahualpa--and held him for ransom If the Inca could fill a room with gold and silver, Pizarro would let their emperor go ► The Inca fulfilled their promise, but Pizarro did not let Atahualpa go, instead he killed the Inca emperor ► The Spanish now controlled Peru and part of Chile Francisco Pizarro ► 3.) Hernando de Soto: ► 1541: de Soto reached and explored part of the Mississippi River ► 4.) Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: ► Coronado discovered and explored the Grand Canyon Hernando de Soto Francisco Vasquez de Coronado ► Spanish rule in their New World colonies could be harsh ► Viceroys were used to rule over each colony The viceroys were like governors Viceroys were appointed by the Spanish king as his representative in the colonies ► The Spanish were also trying to convert the natives to Christianity—Catholicism ► The Spanish were also out to get as many riches as they could Spanish motto at the time—”God, Gold, Glory.” ► The Spanish mistreated the natives ► Many natives were killed in trying to convert them to the Catholic faith ► The Spanish attempted to enslave the natives, but the natives would escape or refuse to work ► One man began to question this mistreatment of the natives—Bartolome de las Casas De las Casas wrote a book describing how bad the treatment of the natives really was—A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies He argued that the natives should be protected from the Spanish’s abuses ► Although the Spanish mistreated the natives, the diseases brought from Europe were more deadly ► The natives had no immunity to the European diseases ► Thousands of natives, entire villages, were killed from diseases such as smallpox, measles, etc. Colonies of the Netherlands ► Late 16th century (1500s), the Netherlands won their independence from Spain ► The Netherlands was small and had very little farmland or resources ► 17th Century (1600s), the Netherlands began to use their ships to carry cargo for other nations—UPS of the world ► 1640s: the Dutch began to explore parts of North America ► Henry Hudson explored and claimed the east coast of North America for the Dutch ► The Dutch also began exploring Africa ► 1652: the Dutch created colonies in South Africa Henry Hudson The French ► The French were interested in creating trade colonies to make quick money ► Jacques Cartier claimed a lot of modern day Canada for the French in 1534 ► The French sent missionaries to the New World to Christianize the natives ► The French wanted to trade with the natives Trade guns for furs Jacques Cartier The English ► 1497: the English sent John Cabot out to explore what Columbus had found ► Cabot explored the eastern coast of North America, claiming the land for the English ► Later, the English raided Spanish ships filled with gold—piracy John Cabot ► England, then, started creating permanent settlements ► The 1st English settlements were started in the Caribbean islands Jamaica Bahamas Barbados ► The English created sugarcane plantations on these islands ► African slaves were used as the labor force on these plantations ► 1606: England sent an expedition to North America looking for gold and silver ► 1607: England created the 1st permanent colony in North America—Jamestown Village of Jamestown Slavery and the Slave Trade ► Most of the colonies in the New World were agricultural ► These farms needed a lot of labor in order to produce the large quantities of goods the mother nation wanted ► This large labor force consisted mostly of African slaves ► The slaves were forced to do hard labor on the plantations ► Many slaves were also forced to work in the gold and silver mines ► Slaves were considered property Slaves could be traded for other goods Slaves could be bought and sold ► The slave trade became a profitable business and an important part of the European economy ► Slaves were captured in Africa, brought to the New World, and sold in slave auctions ► Slaves’ passage to the New World has been called the middle passage ► Slave ships were overcrowded ► Slaves were chained together ► Many slaves died during the middle passage ► Between 10-24 million slaves were brought from Africa to the New World ► Many Africans committed suicide on the ships to escape