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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Neolithic Revolution Permanent Settlements (Towns & Villages) Farming Domesticated animals Earliest Civilizations Along River Valleys fertile soil Nile River, Indus River, Huang He (Yellow) River, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Egyptian civilization, Indus River Valley civilization (India, Chinese civilization, Mesopotamia River Valleys Fertile soil (crops can grow easily); water can irrigate crops and support many people Communication and transportation Geography/ Geographical Features Influence peoples’ culture and way of life Affect distribution of population Art and Architecture in Society Reflect or tells us something about that culture In totalitarian societies, it reflects the will of the ruler. Hammurabi’s Code Babylon in Mesopotamia Laws for social order Mandate of Heaven/ Dynastic Cycle China. Similar to the theory of the Divine Right of Kings. Believed the authority to rule came from the Gods. China’s Geography Natural boundaries (desert on north, mountains on south) Isolation Ethnocentrism (all other people are less worthy than Chinese); China is the “Middle Kingdom” near to heaven. Japan’s Geography Archipelago (group of islands)/lack of natural resources/mountainous Isolation (until 19th Century); some contact with China and Korea Conquest to obtain resources needed for industrialization Mountains, deserts, rivers, seas, oceans, rainforest, steppes Harsh; an eye for an eye. Different law for different classes. 1 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Western Europe’s Geography Irregular coastlines Trade Development of a navy important for all countries Mediterranean Sea Between Europe and Northern Africa Trade easy among all the countries on the Mediterranean Cultural diffusion Northern Africa’s Geography Sahara Desert Distinct culture from sub-Saharan culture (areas south of the Sahara) Difficulty with trade, communication, and travel, except in the Mediterranean area Sub-Saharan Africa’s Geography Many different geographical features; jungle; savanna, diverse cultures Difficult to travel from East to West because of mountains (Rift Valley) and jungle. Malaria and other diseases Smooth Coastlines No natural bays and harbors Little trade South America Islands Groups of islands = archipelago Japan and Great Britain Trade, strong navy, imperialism Latin America’s Geography Many different geographical features; Andes Mountains; Brazilian rainforest Diverse cultures Difficulty of transportation and communication Middle East Geography Dry (arid), desert, scarcity of water, abundance of oil Cultural crossroads India’s Geography Himalaya Mountains to the north; isolation Deccan plateau in center Monsoons India and Southeast Asia Seasonal winds that bring heavy rains for crops; predictable Abundance of natural resources 2 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Rivers Improve communication Improve travel and trade Deserts & Mountains Limit communication Limit travel and trade Straits Strategic locations for trade Bosporus, Dardanelles, Malacca, Hormuz, and Magellan Term, Concept, or People Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Water passageway connecting two larger bodies of water. Russia’s Geography Driven by need for ports/ harbors that would not freeze in winter (warm water ports) Flat Northern European plain was invasion route used by enemies Mongols conquered from the East Animism Practiced in Africa Similar to Shintoism (Japan) Worship spirits in nature Traditional societies Judaism Monotheistic The Torah the Ten Commandments Arose in the Middle East. Israel is the Promised Land. Christianity Monotheistic The Bible; the Ten Commandments; the New Testament Jesus Roots in Judaism Split into Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Islam Monotheistic The Koran; Allah; Mohammed; Five Pillars of Islam Arose in Middle East 600 CE Hinduism Polytheistic (belief in many gods) Reincarnation; karma; dharma Caste system/rigid class divisions Buddhism Polytheistic (belief in many gods) Nirvana; Eightfold Path Siddhartha Gautama Confucianism Confucius, Chinese philosopher Social order and stability; importance of family and ethics; respect for elders (filial piety) Analects 3 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Shintoism Practiced in Japan Spirits in nature Taoism (Daoism) Practiced in China Lao Tze “The Way” Cultural Diffusion Exchange of ideas among different cultures Buddhism spreading from India into China and Southeast Asia Interdependence Growing trade and dependence among nations Environmental and ecological concerns Ancient Athens Birthplace of democracy Parthenon Greek City-State Questioning spirit and curiosity Ancient Sparta Early form of totalitarian government Greek City-State Militaristic spirit Republic of Rome Elected leaders 12 Tables of Law Roman Empire (Imperial Rome) Centralized government Emperor Caesar Augustus 27 BCE Fall of Rome 476 CE Led to chaos in Europe Byzantine Empire Eastern part of Roman empire split off by Diocletian City of Constantinople Emperor Justinian Justinian Code of Laws Preserved Greek and Roman culture Life should be lived with balance and virtue Oil and OPEC nations Little culture Orthodox Religion Justinian Code Roman laws Used by us today Constantinople Byzantine City Trading center between Europe and Asia Silk Road Cultural diffusion Trade by land between Asia and Europe 4 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Spread of Islam Northern Africa; northern India Mohammed and the Jihad; Mughal Empire Golden Age of Islam 600-700 CE Advances in science and math calligraphy Medieval Europe 500 CE to 1300 CE Feudalism; decentralized political system Manor system Guilds Powerful Catholic church offering salvation Feudalism Rigid social class system: King, lords, knights, peasants Need for stability and order Found in Europe and Japan Code of Chivalry Militaristic spirit Stressed honor and loyalty Similar to the Samurai Code of Bushido in Japan The Crusades 1095-1300s CE Original purpose: European Christians reclaim the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims Effect: Increased trade between Europe and Middle East Japanese Feudalism Code of Bushido, Samurai Rigid Social Class system Tokugawa Shogunate isolation Tokugawa Shogunate Isolation of Japan Central Asian Steppe Environment of the Mongols Semi-arid grassland Nomadic people The Mongol Empire 1206-1370 CE Spread from Asia to Eastern Europe Tributes and taxes given to the Khans Isolated Russia for several centuries Axum and Kush Early African trading civilizations Eastern Africa Ghana, Mali, and Songhai 800 to 1600 CE Later African trading civilizations Western Africa trade of gold and salt with North Africa Cultural diffusion; Islam from Northern Africa 5 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image The Black Death (Plague) 1348-1351 CE Social collapse in Europe Spread by merchants, rats, and fleas Commercial Revolution 1400-1700 CE Development of private banking systems Use of cash and money for transactions The Renaissance 1400 to 1500s Humanism and individualism in Europe Rebirth of the ideals of classical civilizations (Greece and Rome) Machiavelli Italian philosopher/writer “The ends justify the means” Interests of the state and leader are most important Wrote “The Prince” The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Protest against the corruption of the Catholic Church End of religious unity in Europe Martin Luther 1517 CE Posted 95 theses on church door Protested the church selling “indulgences” Counter Reformation Council of Trent Catholics reforming slightly, keeping elements of Catholic Faith Zheng He early 1400s CE Chinese Exploration Great ships sailed most of known world Ottoman Empire Turkey Spread out over Eastern Europe and the Middle East Islamic Empire Suleiman the Lawgiver Motives for European Exploration Need for a new trade route to Asia after the Ottomans seized Constantinople in 1453 CE Desire to find riches and spices Curiosity about the world, stimulated by the Renaissance Breakdown of Feudalism and power of the Church Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits 6 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS THINK OF THAT Term, Concept, or People Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image European Explorers 1500-1600 CE Columbus “discovers” the Americas Magellan sails around the world Da Gama and Dias travel around Africa to reach Asia Aztec Empire Located in present-day Mexico and Central America Highly advanced and unified under one leader Defeated by the Spanish - Cortez - better weapons technology Inca Empire Located in present day Peru HIghly advanced Defeated by Spanish Pizarro -better weapons technology Slavery in the New World (North, Central, and South America) First slaves were Indians but most died from disease Africans replace Indians Arabs, Africans, and Europeans involved in the slave trade Triangular Trade Between Europe and the Americas Middle Passage - slave ships between Africa and the Americas Mercantilism Economic theory developed and practiced by European countries during the 1500-1700s CE Main objective- for a country to increase its holdings of gold and silver Encomienda System Practiced in South America Exploited Native workers Absolutism (1500s-1700s) Government dominated by one all-powerful person, a king or queen Example: Louis XIV of France, Phillip II of Spain, Akbar the Great, Peter the Great of Russia Led to unequal relationships between parent countries (European) and colonies 7 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Theory of “Divine Right of Kings” Like Chinese “Mandate of heaven” - Ruler received authority from God. Most absolute rulers believed in the theory of the divine right. John Locke English philosopher believed in natural rights of man: life, liberty, and property People were naturally born good People have right to overthrow a government that does not respect their rights Thomas Hobbes English philosopherbelieved in absolutism People were naturally born bad “The Leviathan” Magna Carta 1215 CE Document that limited the power of the English King Gave more power to Parliament English Revolution 1689 CE Called “The Glorious Revolution” Limited the power of the monarchy (kings and queens) of England The Scientific Revolution 1500-1600s CE Involved thinkers/ scientists like Isaac Newton, Copernicus, and Galileo Focused on nature and how things worked Heliocentric theory developed (earth rotates around the sun) The Enlightenment 1600s and 1700s) Involved thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, &Montesquieu Also known as “The Age of Reason” Spoke out against absolutism and John Locke Enlightened Despots absolute rulers who also tried to improve peoples’ lives Maria Theresa of Austria, Catherine the Great of Russia 8 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS THINK OF THAT Term, Concept, or People Associated Word/ Phrase Causes of the French Revolution 1789 CE Inspired by the Enlightenment and the success of the American Revolution Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Poor conditions of the Third Estate/unequal social system France bankrupt by loans for the American Revolution Taxes Effects of the French Revolution Rise of Napoleon Development of French nationalism Inspired South American revolutions South American Revolutions 1800s CE Caused by inequalities in land ownership in the colonial system Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin fought against Spain Congress of Vienna 1815 CE (held during Napoleon’s last days) After Napoleon, Europeans wanted balance of power, compensation from France Reactionary - wanted to turn things in Europe back to before the French Revolution Nationalism The desire of people to have their own independent nation; Love and devotion to one’s nation Self-determination; selfgovernment Unification of Italy and Germany in 19th Century Nationalist Groups India National Congress Zionists (Israel) Slavs (Balkans) Industrial Revolution 18th and 19th centuries Started in England Poor working conditions and pay Factory system/growth of cities Capitalism Economic system where means of production and distribution are in private hands Market decides what things cost Adam Smith Developed laissez-faire theory “Hands off” Wrote “The Wealth of Nations” Toussaint L’Ouverture led Haiti to independence 9 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Karl Marx Wanted to overthrow capitalism and develop a fairer system (communism) Thought workers were being exploited and urged them to unite Wrote “The Communist Manifesto” and “Das Kapital” Causes of Imperialism late 1800s CE Need for raw materials and new markets Belief that European culture was superior to that of the natives (social Darwinism) Desire to become more powerful Berlin Conference 1884-1885 Major European nations carved up or divided Africa into colonies Also known as “The Scramble for Africa” Spheres of Influence Areas in China that were taken over or dominated by Europeans Unfair treaties imposed on China after the Opium War. Chinese Revolution 1911 CE Caused in part by the Boxer Rebellion against foreign control Ended dynastic rule in China Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) Three principles: Democracy, Nationalism, Economic Well-Being Father of modern-day China Meiji Restoration in Japan late 1800s CE Japan westernizes and modernizes Japan does NOT fall victim to imperialism Imperialistic Japan early 1900s CE Driven by its need for resources for industrialization becomes an Asian power; defeats Russia and China World War I 1914-1918 CE Trench warfare, new weapons (gas, machine guns, tanks) Caused by: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism (MAIN) Central powers versus Allied powers Russian Revolution 1917 (also known as Bolshevik Revolution) “Bread, land, and peace Ended the ROmanov dynasty, Russia became a communist nation Led by Lenin Treaty of Versailles Treaty signed after World War I Heavy reparations forced on Germany Germany goes bankrupt - leads to rise of Hitler Led by Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) 10 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Kemal Attaturk Father of modern-day country of Turkey Westernized and modernized Turkey Munich Agreement 1938 Policy of appeasement - let Hitler do what he wanted Britain’s Neville Chamberlain gave in when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia Adolf Hitler German Nazi leader ultranationalistic anti-semitism, Holocaust Fascism World War II 1939-1945 CE Axis powers versus the Allied powers total war Key events: D-Day in Europe; Hiroshima and Nagazaki - atomic bomb dropped by US Post-World War II Marshall PLan - plan to rebuild Europe Japan: new constitution written - military limited two superpowers (US and Soviet Union) begin the Cold War Josef Stalin Soviet Union communist leader - succeeded Lenin Collectivized agriculture; five-year plans for industry killed or exiled those who challenged him (The Great “Purges”) The Cold War 1945-1989 CE Communist Soviet Union vs. Democratic and capitalist US WarsawPact (Communist alliance) versus NATO (Democratic alliance) Cold War events: Berlin airlift, space race, Cuban missile crisis United Nations Assembly of representatives from every country Major purpose: to promote peace among nations European Union/ Common Market EEU End tariffs among European nations Promote cooperation among European nations NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement End tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico Promote cooperation among three countries 11 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Made up of mainly Middle East oil producers Chinese Communist Revolution 1949 CE Led by Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Defeated the Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-Shek Deng Xiao Ping “Four Modernizations” Allowed China to become more capitalistic Mohandas Gandhi Demanded independence for India from Great Britain Civil disobedience Passive resistance Indian Independence 1947 CE Former colony of India partitioned into two countries: Pakistan and India Massacre between Hindus and Muslims during great migration at partition Ongoing dispute over territory of Kashmir African Independence Movements 1960s CE Independence granted by colonial powers; ethnic conflicts often developed Country boundaries created by Europeans crossed tribal lines Most African nations stayed in economic servitude to former colonial power. Corruption among African leaders Apartheid in South Africa White minority government kept blacks separated and viewed as inferior to whites African National COngress (ANC) fought to end apartheid ANC leader - Nelson Mandela Vietnam Independence Ended French colonial rule 1954 Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh Revolutionary leader and communist Creation of Israel 1948 CE Conflict between Jews and Palestinians and other Arabs Instability in the Middle East Arab-Israeli War Limits the amount of oil on the world market Crushed student protests in Tiananmen Square 12 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Led by Yassir Arafat Fighting for an independent Palestinian nation Terrorism Often occurring in Middle East conflicts Often targets innocent civilians Iranian Revolution 1979 CE Led by Ayatollah Khomeini Overthrew the Shah of Iran and set up an Islamic theocracy Iran returned to an Islamic society and government Persian Gulf War 1990-91 CE Saddam Hussein Iraq’s dispute with Kuwait Iraq defeated by a coalition of forces led by US Collapse of Communism late 1980s CE Failure of communism to meet economic needs and political desires Berlin Wall is taken down Mikhail Gorbachev “glasnost” - openness “perestroika” - reform Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union leader during the 1980s and 1990s Policies of perestroika and glasnost helped end communism in the Soviet Union Replaced by Boris Yeltsin because his policies didn’t go far enough End of Communism in Eastern Europe Former communist nations having difficulty making transition to democracy Ethnic conflict in several former Communist naitons: Ukraine, Georgia, Kosovo North Korea, China, Cuba remain communist Cuban Revolution 1959 CE Led by Fidel Castro Cuba became the first communist nation in the Western hemisphere Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban missile crisis 1960-61 Interdependence A trend in the world since the 1950s Dependence among the various nations of the world on each other Due to a scarcity of resources in any one nation Genocide Rwanda in 1984 Hutu versus Tutsi Darfur - Sudan 2003 Sudan government and Janjaweed militia against rebel groups in Darfur Environmental/ Ecological Concerns Deforestation - mainly in South America Desertification - mainly in Africa Hammas Hezbollah Global warming 13 WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS Term, Concept, or People Deforestation THINK OF THAT Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase Associated Word/ Phrase/Image Rainforests, especially in Brazil (Amazon river basin) Contributes to global warming and loss of species Haiti Erosion Green Revolution Producing more crops through better seeds so nations can feed themselves Producing diseaseresistant crops India Developing Nations of the World (Poorer Nations) Mainly in the southern sphere of our worlds. “Failed states.” Most were at one time colonies of other nations. Poverty, illiteracy, disease, hunger, instability Developed Nations of the World (Richer Nations) Mainly in the northern sphere of our world Most were at one time imperial countries, owning colonies High technology, less poverty, high life expectancy, high literacy, high employment Computers/ Information Age The Internet. Information in seconds Concern for privacy Role in revolution: Iran, Egypt Grave concerns of humankind today Nuclear proliferation Global Warming War in Middle East Areas of Conflict in the World Today India and Pakistan Middle East “The Arab Spring” East Africa Congo Human rights in China North Korea War in Iraq and Afghanistan Israel versus Palestinians China versus Tibet Russia vs. Ukraine Ethnic Conflict 14